① EPA & DHA (Omega-3 fatty acids)
② Lecithin (phospholipids)
③ Astaxanthin

EPA & DHA are also found in fish oils, and there are products available that contain salmon oil, tuna oil, and carp oil. There is a difference in the composition of EPA & DHA in fish oil and krill oil.

Fish Oil: Triglyceride-type EPA/DHA
Krill Oil: Phospholipid-type EPA/DHA

Because phospholipids are components of cell membranes, phospholipid-type EPA & DHA are easily absorbed by the body, can pass through the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and are advantageous for brain function, aiding in the improvement of the nervous system.

In addition, krill oil contains the powerful antioxidant astaxanthin, which helps to prevent the oxidation of omega-3 fatty acids and maintain high-quality stability.

監修獣医師：林美彩　　所属クリニック：chicoどうぶつ診療所

代替療法と西洋医学、両方の動物病院での勤務経験と多数のコルディの臨床経験をもつ。　モノリス在籍時には、一般的な動物医療（西洋医学）だけでは対応が困難な症例に対して多くの相談を受け、免疫の大切さを痛烈に実感する。
ペットたちの健康維持・改善のためには薬に頼った対処療法だけではなく、「普段の生活環境や食事を見直し、自宅でさまざまなケアを取り入れることで免疫力を維持し、病気にならない体づくりを目指していくことが大切である」という考えを提唱し普及活動に従事している。

所属：

• 獣医保健ソーシャルワーク協会

著書：

• 獣医師が考案した長生き犬ごはん 安心・簡単・作り置きOK!
• 獣医師が考案した長生き猫ごはん　安心・簡単・作り置きＯＫ！
• 獣医師が考案した一汁一菜長生き犬ごはん こだわりの安心レシピ&作り置きOK!

Benefits of Krill Oil

・Prevents brain aging
・Improves hyperlipidemia
・Enhances liver function
・Boosts reproductive function
・Prevents myocardial infarction
・Reduces inflammation from arthritis
・Lowers blood glucose levels

For more information on krill oil, please refer to this article:
◆Krill Oil’s Anti-inflammatory and Dementia Prevention Effects

Below is a summary of research papers on krill oil.

Research on Krill Oil

1. The Effect of Neptune Krill Oil on Clinical Course of Hyperlipidemia
Source: Alternative Medicine Review, Vol9, No.4, 420-428(2004)
It was found that consuming 1-3g of krill oil per day effectively reduced blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL (bad cholesterol), and increased HDL (good cholesterol).

2. Krill Oil Reduces Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Rats Post Myocardial Infarction
Source: Lipids in Health and Disease, 10:245(2011)
The effect of krill oil was investigated on left ventricular remodeling (a condition of the heart where the left ventricle becomes enlarged) post-experimental myocardial infarction. The group pretreated with krill oil showed significant reduction in left ventricular hypertrophy compared to the untreated group.

3. Intake of Krill Oil-Supplemented Diet Suppresses Fatty Liver in Rats on a High-Fat Diet
Source: PLoS ONE 7(6), e28797(2012)
Krill oil supplementation led to significant activation of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT-I, which facilitates the binding of L-carnitine and fat) and an increase in carnitine levels, promoting fatty acid oxidation in the liver. Krill oil inhibited the uncoupling effect of high-fat diets, maintained mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, suppressed weight gain, and reduced oxidative damage of lipids and proteins typically observed in animals fed a high-fat diet.

4. Potential of Fats and Health – Krill Oil and Cardiovascular Health
Source: Food Style 21, Vol.16, 49-51(2012)
Feeding superba krill oil (extracted only from Antarctic krill rich in omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA) to Zucker obese rats and heart failure model rats showed beneficial effects on cardiovascular health.

5. Comparison of Inflammation and Lipid Regulation Between Krill Oil and Fish Oil in TNF-α Gene-Introduced Mice
Source:
The effects of fish oil and krill oil on lipid homeostasis and inflammation were investigated in model animals chronically exposed to low levels of human tumor necrosis factor (hTNF-α).
Administering krill oil was found to not only reduce plasma triacylglycerol and total cholesterol levels and promote β-oxidation in mitochondria and peroxisomes but also regulate lipid metabolism by improving overall carnitine turnover. In the case of fish oil, although it did not exhibit as significant an effect on reducing plasma triacylglycerol as krill oil, it significantly improved total cholesterol levels. There was no prominent difference between the krill oil and fish oil groups concerning inflammatory cytokine values.

6. Effects of Krill Oil Intake on Blood Lipid Levels
Source: Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Vol. 43 No. 5, 679-685 (2015)
A study involving 166 Japanese individuals investigated the effects of krill oil (1g/day) on lipid metabolism, particularly its impact on plasma triglyceride levels. Although most indicators showed no significant changes before and after krill oil intake, a notable decrease in triglyceride levels was observed in subjects who initially exhibited above-normal triglyceride levels, whereas those with normal triglyceride levels did not show any effect.

7. Science of Blood Vessels: Potential of EPA and DHA Derived from Krill Oil – Current Status and Challenges
Source: Food Style 21, Vol. 20, No. 10, 50-52 (2016)
In Japan, a report from the “Functional Food Evaluation Model Business” has given the highest scientific evidence level “A” to EPA and DHA for cardiovascular risk reduction and lowering plasma triglyceride levels, including a well-established mechanism of action. Unlike fish oil, where EPA and DHA are components of triglycerides, in krill oil they are incorporated into phospholipids, offering superior acute effects and no fishy aftertaste. Furthermore, krill oil contains the antioxidant astaxanthin, which prevents fatty acid oxidation and helps maintain product quality and stability.

8. Evaluation of Neptune Krill Oil on Chronic Inflammation and Osteoarthritis
Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition, Vol. 26, No. 1, 39-48 (2007)
A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of Neptune krill oil on CRP (C-reactive protein, an inflammation marker) in patients with chronic inflammation. Seven days after initiating intake, the placebo group showed an increase in CRP, while the Neptune krill oil group saw a 19.3% decrease. This reduction continued at 14 and 30 days (p<0.001). Furthermore, the WOMAC score (a measure of knee function: higher scores indicate worse function) was significantly reduced. While the placebo group showed an increase in CRP until day 14, it saw a 25.1% reduction by day 30. These results indicate that daily intake of 300mg/day Neptune krill oil can suppress inflammation and alleviate arthritis symptoms within 7-14 days. 9. Krill Oil Improves Mild Knee Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Source: PLOS ONE 11(10): e0162769 (2016)
To determine the effect of krill oil on mild knee pain, a six-month randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial was conducted from September 2014 to March 2015 with 50 adults (ages 38-85) experiencing mild knee pain. Participants received either 2g of krill oil or placebo. Improvements were observed in both groups using the JKOM (Japanese Knee Osteoarthritis Measure) and JOA (Japanese Orthopedic Association) standards, but the krill oil group showed significant improvements in knee pain and stiffness on two JKOM items, as well as notable reductions in sleep-related and standing knee pain, and increased knee range of motion. These findings suggest that krill oil intake (2g/day for 30 days) can improve self-reported symptoms of mild knee pain in adults.

10. Effects of Krill Oil and n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Proliferation and Migration of Human Osteosarcoma Cells
Source: Current Drug Targets, Vol. 19, No. 5, 479-486 (2018)
An experiment was conducted on the proliferation inhibition of human osteosarcoma cells exposed to krill oil, fish oil, EPA, and DHA for 72 hours. Although there was no significant change 24 hours after exposure to fish oil, krill oil showed 23% inhibition of proliferation after 24 hours, 50% after 48 hours, and 64% after 72 hours. The inhibitory effect of krill oil was equivalent to 0.5 and 1 µM of doxorubicin, commonly used for osteosarcoma treatment. This suggests that krill oil, when used in combination with standard clinical treatments, may control the growth of primary tumors and more severe metastasis.

Next-Generation Omega-3 Material – Krill Oil ③: Liver Function Protection and Brain Function Improvement Effects of Nissui Krill Oil
Source: Food Style 21, Vol. 15, No. 12, 27-31 (2011)
Animal experiments using Nissui krill oil demonstrated its inhibitory effect on alcohol-induced liver damage. Additionally, an experiment using phospholipids isolated and purified from the same product indicated possible protection of nerve cells and promotion of hippocampal neurogenesis.

Krill Oil Shows Metabolic Effects Equivalent to Fish Oil at Low Doses in Healthy Volunteers
Source: Lipids, Vol. 46, No. 1, 37-46 (2010)
113 subjects with normal or slightly elevated total cholesterol and/or triglycerides were given either 6 capsules of krill oil (3g/day, EPA+DHA=543mg) or 3 capsules of fish oil (1.8g/day, EPA+DHA=864mg) for 7 weeks. Although there was no statistical difference between the krill oil and fish oil groups, it was demonstrated that the EPA and DHA in krill oil, even at 62.8% of the amount found in fish oil, can serve as an equivalent source of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Krill Oil and Anti-Aging: Expectations for Chronic Inflammation and Lifestyle Disease Prevention
Source: Food Style 21, Vol. 16, No. 2, 26-30 (2012)
In obese individuals, the production of inflammatory adipocytokines (which increase the risk of hypertension, hyperglycemia, and thrombosis) is heightened, and suppressing chronic inflammation is expected to improve metabolic syndrome. In a clinical trial involving patients with moderate inflammation (myocardial infarction, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis), the intake of krill oil significantly reduced inflammation markers (CRP). Unlike fish oil, krill oil contains phosphatidylcholine, which can improve blood homocysteine—an atherosclerosis risk factor—as well as protect against alcoholic fatty liver and hepatitis B and C.

Development of Functional Food Ingredients: Functional Aspects of Krill Oil Derived from Krill
Source: Japan Food Science, Vol. 51, No. 7, 17-22 (2012)
① An alcohol administration test with Wistar rats showed liver protection effects.
② When aged ICR mice were administered krill oil, improvement in reproductive function was observed.
③ In a human clinical trial, indicators of brain function activation (oxygenated hemoglobin concentration) improved with krill oil intake, indicating enhanced brain function.

Physiological Activity of New Functional Material Krill Oil
Source: Food and Development, Vol. 49, No. 2, 8-11 (2014)
A double-blind trial was conducted over 12 weeks on 45 elderly men aged 60-72, divided into three groups: those receiving 2g/day of sardine oil (EPA 491mg + DHA 251mg = 742mg/day), those receiving 2g/day of krill oil (EPA 193mg + DHA 93mg = 285mg/day), and those receiving a placebo containing neither EPA nor DHA (2g of medium-chain fatty acids). In the krill oil group, increased concentration of oxygenated hemoglobin in the brain was noted, indicating significant brain activation.
For liver function, rats were given a single oral dose of olive oil 3mg/kg (control group), krill oil 200mg/kg (low dose group), or krill oil 1000mg/kg (high dose group), followed by a single oral dose of 12mL/kg alcohol after 1 hour to observe the effects on liver function.
In the group administered with krill oil, the increase in blood alcohol concentration, state of intoxication, and elevations in blood AST and ALT were suppressed, suggesting that krill oil has a function to mitigate liver damage. When krill oil was ingested during the creation of an alcoholic fatty liver model in rats, the formation of alcoholic fatty liver was inhibited.

16. Functionality of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Material Krill Oil
Source: Lipid Nutrition, Vol. 23, No. 1, 23-28 (2014)
Krill oil derived from Antarctic krill, rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids bound to phospholipids, has been confirmed through animal experiments to have effects such as liver function protection, inhibition and improvement of alcoholic fatty liver formation, and improvement of reproductive function. In human brain function improvement tests, it clearly demonstrated greater efficacy compared to triglyceride-type oil containing n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (fish oil).

17. Presence of Oils in the Beauty Field: Health and Beauty Benefits of Krill Oil
Source: Crebeaux, No. 83, 20-22 (2015)
Krill oil is characterized by its high content of EPA (over 13%) and DHA (over 5%) and its ease of absorption in the body. Known benefits include prevention of brain aging, improvement of hyperlipidemia, enhancement of liver function, improvement of reproductive anomalies, and prevention of myocardial infarction. Additionally, due to its content of astaxanthin, a known potent antioxidant, it is considered highly promising as an anti-fatigue food and for improving endurance.

Although research on krill oil is still ongoing globally, our laboratory is also studying the interaction between Cordy and krill oil (EPA/DHA extracted from Antarctic krill) and the effects of krill oil when administered alone.

監修獣医師：林美彩　　所属クリニック：chicoどうぶつ診療所

代替療法と西洋医学、両方の動物病院での勤務経験と多数のコルディの臨床経験をもつ。　モノリス在籍時には、一般的な動物医療（西洋医学）だけでは対応が困難な症例に対して多くの相談を受け、免疫の大切さを痛烈に実感する。
ペットたちの健康維持・改善のためには薬に頼った対処療法だけではなく、「普段の生活環境や食事を見直し、自宅でさまざまなケアを取り入れることで免疫力を維持し、病気にならない体づくりを目指していくことが大切である」という考えを提唱し普及活動に従事している。

所属：

• 獣医保健ソーシャルワーク協会

著書：

• 獣医師が考案した長生き犬ごはん 安心・簡単・作り置きOK!
• 獣医師が考案した長生き猫ごはん　安心・簡単・作り置きＯＫ！
• 獣医師が考案した一汁一菜長生き犬ごはん こだわりの安心レシピ&作り置きOK!

Placenta has been widely used since ancient times for beauty purposes such as preventing spots and wrinkles, maintaining moisture, and tissue repair. It has also been used for purposes like revitalizing organs and cells and addressing concerns related to allergies and skin conditions by enhancing metabolism. Currently, as a pharmaceutical product, it is expected to have numerous effects, including cellular activation, wound healing promotion, anti-fatigue, liver cell regeneration, and reactive oxygen species removal.

At the Cordy Research Laboratory, we are also studying the effects of domestic SPF pig placenta extract powder (powder form) for improving liver functions and skin conditions in dogs, cats, and pets.

Domestic SPF pig-derived placenta extract powder (powder form) is expected to have benefits such as anti-fatigue effects, liver function enhancement, anti-inflammatory actions, normalization of hormone balance, anti-allergy effects, beauty skin effects, cellular activation, wound healing promotion, anti-fatigue, liver cell regeneration, and reactive oxygen species removal.

Providing information to support the health of your pets>>

Benefits of Placenta

① Removal of Reactive Oxygen Species

Reactive oxygen species refer to highly oxidizing oxygen molecules, which can be simply described as “rust in the body.” When these species accumulate, the body “rusts,” leading to aging phenomena and increased susceptibility to diseases.
They are produced when the oxygen that enters the body generates energy. However, excessive reactive oxygen species are created due to various factors such as exposure to harmful substances, smoking, stress, emotional states like anger and anxiety, and overeating.
By removing these reactive oxygen species, it is expected to prevent aging and protect against diseases.

② Anti-inflammatory Effects

Inflammation is the body’s defensive reaction to harmful stimuli, but prolonged or chronic inflammation can lead to diseases. Well-known examples include atopic dermatitis and gastric ulcers resulting from gastritis. Surprisingly, tumors are also considered a form of chronic inflammation, which is why anti-inflammatory steroids are prescribed during tumor treatments.
Placenta has the ability to suppress this inflammation, thus potentially being effective for tumors as well.

③ Anti-allergy Effects

Generally, allergies occur in two ways: “immediate-type allergies,” where allergens entering the body bind with a component called IgE and mast cells, and “delayed-type allergies,” which develop hours later when eosinophils, a type of white blood cell, collect at the site of the allergic reaction and release a chemical called leukotrienes.
Placenta can inhibit IgE production, thereby suppressing allergic responses.
Additionally, placenta is rich in immunosuppressive substances like Vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids, gangliosides, and chondroitin sulfate, which, combined with IgE production inhibition, are expected to suppress allergies.

④ Tissue Repair Function

Placenta contains various growth factors that can repair damaged tissues and restore them to normal, thereby alleviating symptoms.
(1) Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF)
It promotes tissue regeneration in almost all organs, not just the liver, and repairs lesions.

(2) Nerve Growth Factor (NGF)
It promotes the differentiation of nerve cells and repairs damaged areas. It is said to be effective in preventing and treating Alzheimer’s due to its capacity to restore brain and nerve system functions.
The following text has been translated from Japanese to English:

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Additionally, it regulates the autonomic nervous system and hormonal balance, potentially leading to mental stability and improvement of symptoms related to depression and menopause.

(3) Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF)
It increases fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells, which are components of the dermis that support the skin framework. By boosting collagen (a skin firmness component), elastin (a skin elasticity component), and hyaluronic acid (a skin moisture component), it normalizes the skin and promotes wound healing. Since it also participates in nerve formation, it is expected to help maintain brain functions. Furthermore, it stimulates the proliferation of hair matrix cells, which may lead to hair growth.

(4) Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)
This promotes the proliferation and regeneration of the skin and corneal epithelium. By acting on the epidermal layer of the skin, it promotes turnover, and together with the aforementioned FGF, it aids in skin wound healing, improves dark spots and dullness, and promotes collagen production within the dermis.

(5) Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF)
It enhances the action of IGF-1, which regulates cell growth and DNA synthesis. By acting on chondrocytes, it may help alleviate joint pain. It is also said to be effective for hair growth.

(6) Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)
The factor known as TGF-β acts on epithelial cells and vascular endothelial cells, promoting wound healing. Additionally, by increasing osteoblasts, which are the precursor cells for bone, and inhibiting osteoclasts, which break down bone, it helps prevent bone resorption.

(7) Colony Stimulating Factor (CSF)
By acting on stem cells such as granulocytes and macrophages involved in immunity, it promotes the maturation of these cells.

(8) Interleukin (IL)
This component, generated from white blood cells, is involved in immunity. Since it helps maintain components that boost immune functions, it is beneficial for immunomodulation.

(5) Metabolism Activation

The cell activation effects of placenta can stimulate blood circulation within the body, which is expected to activate metabolism. Furthermore, since placenta contains high-quality amino acids, it facilitates fat burning and reduces muscle fatigue.

(6) Immunomodulatory Action

Immunity is the defense mechanism that protects the body from bacteria and viruses, divided into innate immunity and acquired immunity. Placenta has the effect of stabilizing NK cells involved in innate immunity and enhancing the production of cytokines and antibodies involved in acquired immunity. Therefore, it is expected to adjust the immune system and enhance resistance.

The combined effects of actions (1) to (6) are expected to strengthen the immune system, support liver function, and improve the skin.

Providing information to support your pet’s health>>

For Supporting Liver Function and Treating Skin Disorders in Dogs and Cats

The highest-grade domestically produced SPF pig (germ-free pig) derived placenta powder is an excellent match with Cordy.

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Veterinarians who use placenta in clinical practice have shared many positive reports, such as “GGT and ALP values significantly decreased in a short period of time” and “Wound healing is very fast.”

When you are concerned about the following symptoms, it may be a good idea to consider the use of domestically-produced SPF pig placenta extract powder:

• Pets with poor liver function
• Pets with high liver values
• Pets using medications such as anticancer drugs, steroids, or antibiotics
• Pets with wounds that are difficult to heal
• Pets with skin inflammation
• Pets with skin issues
• Pets with allergies such as atopic dermatitis
• Pets whose coat you want to improve
• Pets with low energy

Providing information to support your pet’s health>>

For those concerned about their dog’s or cat’s liver or skin condition

If your dog or cat has liver problems, liver disease, poor skin condition, slow wound healing, or is using medications such as anticancer drugs, steroids, or antibiotics, why not try domestically-produced SPF pig placenta extract powder?

If you have any questions, please contact us.

Cordy is a fungus derived from Japanese Cordyceps

Are you familiar with Cordyceps? Cordyceps is a type of fungus that parasitizes insects and has been prized in China since ancient times as a tonic for stamina and longevity. Over 500 species of this fungus have been discovered worldwide, with about 400 species found in Japan.

Among these 400 Japanese species of Cordyceps, several strains beneficial for human and pet immune regulation have been carefully selected and cultured using Monolith’s proprietary know-how to create Cordy.

Cordy Enhances the Immune System of Dogs, Cats, and Other Pets

By regulating your pet’s immune system with Cordy (raising low immunity and suppressing excessive immunity), improvement in various conditions can be expected.

For example, it has potential for improving challenging diseases such as melanoma, lymphoma, mammary gland tumors, FIP (Feline Infectious Peritonitis), and FeLV (Feline Leukemia Virus). It is also being researched, in collaboration with over 300 animal hospitals nationwide (as of January 2020), for applications in immunotherapy for generally weak or frequently ill pets and anti-aging.

The following symptoms may suggest that our research information could be useful:

• Concern about health due to advanced age
• Weak constitution and a desire to boost immunity
• Receiving or about to start cancer treatment
• Advised by a vet that further treatment may be difficult
• Received a terminal diagnosis

Get information to support your pet’s health>>

At Cordy Research Lab, we are conducting studies to explore the potential of adding Cordy to cancer treatments at animal hospitals to improve prognoses. If you are an animal hospital considering its use in clinical practice, please contact us.

Important Aspects in Advancing Cordy Research

To administer Cordy to animals, we conduct safety tests and regular DNA identification tests.

Safety Tests Conducted at GLP-Compliant Facilities

Cordy has undergone acute toxicity tests, subacute toxicity tests, Ames tests (mutagenicity tests to check for genetic abnormalities), and genotoxicity tests among others, at GLP-compliant facilities*, confirming its safety.
Implementing these safety tests incurs considerable costs. Particularly, conducting safety tests at a GLP-compliant institution is very expensive. However, as these tests are deemed the minimum necessary when used on animals, our laboratory confirms the safety of Cordy at a GLP-compliant institution.

＊GLP-compliant institution: An institution conforming to the GLP (Good Laboratory Practice) guidelines established by the OECD (an international organization) to ensure that tests and trials evaluating the safety of pharmaceuticals, chemicals, etc., are conducted accurately and appropriately.

Regular DNA Testing

Among the Cordyceps discovered in Japan, Cordy has been identified as a particular strain that has verified health benefits.

We cultivate Cordy using both liquid and solid media, increasing the number of fungi for practical research applications.

The most critical aspect during cultivation is preventing contamination from other fungi. It is very dangerous to identify Cordyceps fungi solely based on appearance, even if one believes they are cultivating a specific strain of Cordyceps. Furthermore, even if the extraction and cultivation of pure fungi are successful, there is always the risk of contamination by other fungi during repeated subcultures, which needs constant consideration.

In our laboratory, we inoculate fungi into the culture medium within a clean draft and then cultivate specific Cordyceps within a cleanroom maintained with HEPA filters, minimizing the risk of contamination by other fungi.

Additionally, it is not uncommon for fungal genes to mutate and alter the nature of the fungi due to various reasons. This phenomenon can occur with any type of cultivated fungi, not just Cordyceps.

If the nature of the fungi changes or if other fungi get mixed in, it would no longer be Cordy cultivated from a specific strain of Cordyceps. Thus, regular DNA testing is necessary to confirm that only the targeted species of Cordyceps fungi are being cultivated.

In our laboratory, we conduct regular DNA identification tests to ensure that the cultivated Cordy maintains its identity with the original fungi (Cordyceps).