Glossary – ＜Cordy Research Laboratory＞

Differences Between Complete Recovery, Remission, Relapse, and Recurrence

moro — Sat, 19 Jan 2019 04:29:43 +0000

What are Complete Cure, Healing, Remission, and Recurrence?

Complete Cure

As the word implies, it refers to completely recovering from an illness or injury.

Healing

When treatment is successful and, as far as can be confirmed either visually or through histological examination, the disease has been cured or the cancer has been successfully removed, this is referred to as “healing.”

During cancer surgeries, tissues are excised with a margin that surpasses the size of the tumor.

And when the surgery removes the tissue and even upon examination of the excised tissue, no remaining cancer cells are detected, this is referred to as a “curative resection.”

Although “curative resection” might seem equivalent to “complete cure,” it is not.

This is because even if it appears that a curative resection has been achieved, there could still be cancer left somewhere in the body that may cause a recurrence, or there might be a non-zero chance of undetected metastasis.

What is Remission?

This refers to the temporary alleviation or disappearance of symptoms.

In the case of tumors, it indicates the disappearance of lumps.

Additionally, when tumor-related symptoms disappear and test results are normal, this is referred to as “complete remission.”

When symptoms that had been suppressed worsen after remission, it is referred to as “relapse.”

Recurrence

Recurrence refers to contracting the same disease again after a complete cure.

In the Case of Tumors

In the course of tumor treatment, “complete cure” and “remission” are sometimes used interchangeably.
However, as explained earlier, “complete cure” refers to a complete recovery.

In the case of tumors, even if the lump is removed, it is impossible to eliminate all at the cellular level, and there is a non-zero possibility that minute tumors, undetectable by the naked eye or imaging tests, remain somewhere in the body.

Thus, when it comes to tumor treatment, the goal is not “complete cure” but “remission,” which means maintaining remission and suppressing relapse.

Stage Assessment in Tumor Treatment

Appearance of symptoms again after remission is called “relapse.”
In the case of solid cancers such as skin tumors or gastrointestinal tumors, metastasis to other organs or the appearance of tumors in the same location after definitive surgery is referred to as “recurrence.”

Recommended Reading

Harnessing the Power of Immunity to Combat Cancer in Dogs and Cats

When your beloved dog or cat is suffering from cancer, implementing immune-boosting measures can also help improve their prognosis.

At the Cordy Lab, we are researching how Cordy works in relation to the immune system.

If you have any questions, please feel free to contact us.

監修獣医師：林美彩　　所属クリニック：chicoどうぶつ診療所

代替療法と西洋医学、両方の動物病院での勤務経験と多数のコルディの臨床経験をもつ。　モノリス在籍時には、一般的な動物医療（西洋医学）だけでは対応が困難な症例に対して多くの相談を受け、免疫の大切さを痛烈に実感する。
ペットたちの健康維持・改善のためには薬に頼った対処療法だけではなく、「普段の生活環境や食事を見直し、自宅でさまざまなケアを取り入れることで免疫力を維持し、病気にならない体づくりを目指していくことが大切である」という考えを提唱し普及活動に従事している。

所属：

獣医保健ソーシャルワーク協会

著書：

Regarding Rabies Vaccination Exemption Certificate

moro — Sat, 19 Jan 2019 02:31:34 +0000

Have you ever worried about whether it’s safe for your dog to receive their rabies vaccination when they are in poor health or undergoing treatment for a serious illness?

For instance, when there is a legitimate reason such as undergoing cancer treatment, a veterinarian may exempt your dog from receiving the rabies vaccination.

Rabies Vaccination Exemption Certificate

In Japan, it is mandatory for dogs to receive a rabies vaccination every year. This is stipulated by law.

However, did you know? If a veterinarian issues a “Rabies Vaccination Exemption Certificate,” this requirement can be waived.

※Note: It is not recommended to avoid the rabies vaccination based on your own judgment as an owner.

With the issuance of the certificate, you can avoid giving the rabies vaccine for that year. If you wish to continue the exemption in following years, you will need to obtain the certificate annually.

This system is a relief for owners of dogs suffering from severe illnesses.

Examples of Situations Where Exemption May Be Possible

In the following situations, there could be a risk of severe adverse reactions to the vaccine or negative impacts on the dog’s health and life. Therefore, it is not recommended to take the vaccination if it poses such risks; please consult with your veterinarian.

Past adverse reactions (allergies, health deterioration, etc.) to rabies vaccinations.
Currently undergoing cancer treatment or managing cancer recurrence.
Suffering from severe immune disorders.
Suffering from severe infections.
Has severe allergies or atopic conditions.
Prone to seizures.
Significant deterioration in strength due to illness.
Elderly, with notable declines in strength and immune function.
Using powerful immunosuppressants such as chemotherapy or anti-rheumatic drugs.

※These examples are provided for reference. Whether or not an exemption is necessary will be determined by a veterinarian.

If a certificate is issued for a legitimate reason, please contact the department in charge of public health at your local municipality.

You may be instructed to bring the certificate to the city office or mass vaccination sites, so keep it in a safe place until then. Procedures may vary by municipality.

Reasons Why Rabies Vaccination is Considered Necessary

Rabies is a zoonotic disease that can infect both dogs and humans. If a dog carrying the rabies virus bites you, there is a risk of infection. If you become infected and the disease manifests, there is almost a 100% mortality rate.

Although there are still people who lose their lives to rabies abroad, there have been no reports of rabies in dogs or humans in Japan for the past 50 years or more. However, there is an extremely slight possibility that an infected animal could be brought into the country from abroad, bite a domestic dog, and then the dog could bite a human. Given the lack of treatment options and the high fatality rate if rabies does develop, vaccination is necessary and is still legally mandated.

Please note, the Rabies Prevention Law is primarily a law set by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare from the perspective of public health for humans. It is not a law established for the well-being of dogs themselves.

Articles You Might Also Like

Diseases, Symptoms, and Treatments Preventable by Core Vaccines for Dogs

An Outdated Law?

When the law was enacted in the 1940s, there were many stray dogs, and even pet dogs were often kept as guard dogs to protect property from intruders, leading to frequent biting incidents.

The Rabies Prevention Law was enacted during an era of poor hygiene, playing a major role in eradicating rabies.

However, today’s dogs are companions and children, treated as important family members.

Naturally, they are kept indoors, well-groomed, and remain clean animals. The situation is completely different from back then.

Looking around the world, there are countries that, like Japan, have been rabies-free (rabies-free countries) for extended periods.

Some of these rabies-free countries have abolished mandatory rabies vaccinations, but in reality, this has not led to widespread rabies outbreaks.

Knowing these facts, and thinking from the perspective of the dogs, perhaps it is time for Japan to reconsider its law.

That said, the Rabies Prevention Law has become more flexible today with the “Rabies Vaccination Exemption Certificate” based on a veterinarian’s diagnosis.

It is very positive that veterinarians, who frequently interact with pet owners, are given discretion in this matter.

Precautions After Rabies Vaccination

While there are no longer any dogs in Japan that lose their lives to rabies, sadly, there are dogs that lose their lives to the rabies vaccine every year.

Please pay attention to the following points, and if anything goes wrong, ensure that you can consult a veterinarian immediately.

Precautions After Vaccinations

Ensure the dog rests for about three days after vaccination.
Gradually resume walks and exercise without pushing too hard.
Avoid bathing the dog for a few days.
If you notice any abnormal symptoms such as facial swelling, hives, lethargy, trembling, or convulsions, contact your veterinarian immediately.
If the dog is to receive a combined vaccine, ensure sufficient time intervals between vaccinations as instructed by your veterinarian.

Using Pet Hotels, Grooming Salons, Dog Parks, etc.

It is not uncommon for pet care facilities to refuse to accept dogs that have not received their rabies vaccinations.
Of course, you should follow the facility’s rules and avoid causing concern to other users.

However, considering that the rabies vaccination rate is actually not even reaching 50%, many facilities might just be stating it as a formality.

I feel somewhat dissatisfied that owners with legitimate reasons for not being able to vaccinate face inconveniences.

※ According to a Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare announcement, the rabies vaccination rate is over 70%.

However, this figure is derived from the number of registered dogs and has been pointed out to be inconsistent with actual conditions.

By the way, did you know that some facilities will accept a “Rabies Vaccination Exemption Certificate”?

You can find many such places by searching on the internet.

Moreover, even if it is not stated on their website, you may find that informing them about having a “Rabies Vaccination Exemption Certificate” might lead to acceptance.

Such facilities should be pleasant to use.

Sometimes, your regular animal hospital might be willing to take care of your pet.

Please check with them.

In Conclusion

While it is believed that the likelihood of contracting the rabies virus in Japan is extremely low, please remember that it is a highly dangerous zoonotic disease.

Vaccinations can be exempted for legitimate reasons, but please take utmost care to avoid fights with other dogs and ensure that your pet does not bite anyone, even accidentally.

While I believe that all of you love animals, please refrain from contacting local dogs or wild animals when traveling to countries that are not rabies-free.

As mentioned at the beginning, I do not recommend avoiding rabies vaccinations based on your judgment alone. Always consult with your veterinarian and follow their advice.

Immune Measures After Viral Injections

At the Cordy Research Laboratory, we are studying the effects of Cordy on immunity and its preventive effects on dogs and cats suffering from cancer.

We are also conducting research to explore whether it can help in recovering immunity that has been disrupted by viral vaccinations.

If you have any questions, please contact us.

監修獣医師：林美彩　　所属クリニック：chicoどうぶつ診療所

所属：

獣医保健ソーシャルワーク協会

著書：

Recommended Reading

High-Dose Vitamin C Drip Therapy: Cancer Treatment for Dogs and Cats

moro — Fri, 18 Jan 2019 09:39:16 +0000

High-Dose Vitamin C: A Natural Anticancer Agent

It might be hard to believe for those hearing it for the first time, but vitamin C does have anticancer properties. The anticancer effects of large amounts of vitamin C are by no means weak.

The treatment itself does not require particularly advanced technology and can be performed in hospitals with reasonably equipped facilities. (Of course, training and study are necessary.)

Although there aren’t many veterinary hospitals nationwide that offer high-dose vitamin C drip therapy, why not search to see if there is one near you?

What is High-Dose Vitamin C Drip Therapy?

It’s a revolutionary and straightforward treatment method where large amounts of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) are administered via drip to selectively target and attack cancer cells. This new cancer treatment has started to be introduced in human clinics and is being adopted by some veterinary hospitals for the treatment of cancer in dogs and cats.

Features of High-Dose Vitamin C Drip Therapy

In high-dose vitamin C therapy, vitamin C is used like an anticancer agent. However, it is markedly different from conventional anticancer drugs and, when used correctly, is a treatment method with very few side effects and extremely low risk.

Expected to have anticancer effects.
No toxicity to normal cells, hence no worries about side effects.
Can be combined with other treatment methods without compromising safety.
Expected to prevent aging due to its antioxidant effects (anti-aging).
Oral administration does not yield similar results.
Uses a specialized vitamin C, making it relatively expensive.
Short duration of effect.

To understand the differences from anticancer drugs, we have compiled articles on anticancer drugs for your reference.

Mechanism of Action

Many people are aware that Vitamin C has antioxidant properties, but understanding the anticancer effects of Vitamin C requires some knowledge.

Here’s a simplified summary to make it easier to understand (although there are other mechanisms as well):

When Vitamin C prevents oxidation in the body, it gets oxidized itself.
Oxidized Vitamin C generates hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), a powerful oxidizing agent.
Normal cells produce an enzyme called catalase, which instantly detoxifies hydrogen peroxide.
In contrast, cancer cells cannot produce catalase and are attacked by hydrogen peroxide.
Cancer cells suffer significant oxidative damage to their cell membranes and DNA, eventually leading to their death.

*Hydrogen peroxide is a potent oxidizing agent that is harmful to the body. It is also an ingredient in disinfectants (e.g., hydrogen peroxide solution).
*Catalase is an enzyme that breaks down harmful hydrogen peroxide into harmless water and oxygen.

Practical Application of High-Dose Vitamin C IV Therapy

Unfortunately, it is not effective against all cancers. It is currently positioned as an adjunctive therapy to standard treatments (surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy).

However, it can be said that even chemotherapy is not effective against all cancers. Furthermore, chemotherapeutic agents are highly toxic, and there are many cases where their use is not feasible despite their high antitumor effects. Forcing the use of chemotherapy can not only increase costs but also potentially shorten the lifespan of the patient.

While it is positioned as an adjunctive therapy, high-dose Vitamin C IV therapy may be administered alone in cases where the patient is too weak to endure standard treatments, is elderly, or if the pet owner has a strong aversion to chemotherapy.

Future of High-Dose Vitamin C IV Therapy

Treatments like high-dose Vitamin C therapy, which are highly safe and cause minimal harm to the body, are desired for animals to regain true health. If research advances and treatment outcomes improve, there is a strong possibility that it may become a mainstream and widely adopted treatment.

However, there are challenges. To achieve sufficient effects, more than two IV sessions per week are necessary. The required frequency makes the treatment costly.

One reason for the high cost is the lack of domestically produced Vitamin C suitable for IV use due to issues with additives. Currently, imported products must be used, which drives up the cost.

Moreover, it is believed that dogs do not benefit as much from this treatment as humans do. This may be related to the fact that dogs can synthesize Vitamin C within their bodies.
However, at the very least, it may be beneficial in improving the quality of life (QOL).

Rather than treating solely with high-dose vitamin C IV therapy, incorporating other alternative therapies, such as Cordy which has immune-activating properties, to enhance the effects can lead to synergistic benefits.

Synergistic Effects with High-Dose Vitamin C IV Therapy

At Cordy Laboratory, we have received multiple reports from veterinarians in clinical settings about the synergistic effects of combining Cordy with high-dose vitamin C IV therapy.

If you have any questions, please contact us.

監修獣医師：林美彩　　所属クリニック：chicoどうぶつ診療所

所属：

獣医保健ソーシャルワーク協会

著書：

### About Homotoxicology – Treatment for Dogs and Cats Homotoxicology, a branch of alternative medicine, focuses on detoxifying the body by eliminating substances that cause diseases, referred to as “homotoxins.” For pets like dogs and cats, homotoxicology involves the administration of homeopathically prepared remedies designed to stimulate the body’s self-healing processes and enhance overall health. This treatment can be used alongside conventional veterinary medicine to address a wide range of conditions such as allergies, chronic illnesses, and behavioral issues. Advocates of homotoxicology believe it provides a more holistic approach to pet healthcare, promoting not just physical but also emotional well-being.

moro — Fri, 18 Jan 2019 00:54:12 +0000

Introduction to Homotoxicology

Homotoxicology is a treatment method that is recently gaining popularity as an alternative to conventional Western therapy.

Homotoxicology preparations are administered either via injection or orally.

The most common disease treated with this method is chronic renal failure in cats.

When conventional treatments such as subcutaneous fluids and therapeutic diets are not producing adequate results, it may be worth a try.

There are various other homotoxicology preparations available that can be tried for different diseases.

Veterinarians with extensive knowledge and experience have a wider range of preparation options to choose from.

Some people occasionally confuse it with homeopathy, but it is completely different from homeopathy.

Features of Homotoxicology

Basic Concept

The fundamental concept of homotoxicology is that “diseases are caused when the body cannot efficiently eliminate toxic substances.”

To treat diseases, body toxins are removed (detoxified).

While the term detoxification has become more recognized in Japan, homotoxicology can be thought of as an elevated form of detoxification applied at a therapeutic level.

The treatment involves using preparations known as “homotoxicology preparations,” which are made from a combination of multiple ingredients.

There are many types of homotoxicology preparations available, including injectable forms, tablets, ointments, and drops (dissolvable in liquids), allowing for diverse applications depending on the situation.

Sometimes only one type is used, while other times a combination of 5-6 types is used.

The combination varies depending on where the treatment focus is.

Application skills and creativity derived from experience are crucial in treatment.

Experienced veterinarians can find better combinations suitable for each individual animal by observing responses.

Injectable preparations tend to produce relatively sharp effects but generally need to be administered at a veterinary clinic.

Since it is challenging to visit the clinic daily, it is possible to prevent treatment gaps by combining tablets and ointments that owners can administer at home.

Due to the low side effects and minimal burden on the body, it is possible to use this method in conjunction with other treatments and medications.

Of course, homotoxicology is not a cure-all, similar to other treatment methods. Supplements where other treatments fall short is a necessary perspective.
Although Homotoxicology treatment is generally positioned as a complement to conventional Western treatments, it can sometimes be used alone in situations where the body cannot endure more intensive treatments or the pet owner prefers less aggressive methods.

Homotoxicology for Renal Failure and Impaired Renal Function

Kidney disease in pets seems to be more common compared to humans. Particularly in cats, which are inherently considered to have weaker kidneys, many are diagnosed with renal failure.

In humans, renal failure typically implies a very advanced and terminal stage, where recovery of kidney function is almost impossible.

However, for cats, even relatively mild conditions are often labeled as renal failure, and there is no need to immediately give up hope saying “it’s over.”

Common treatments include subcutaneous fluids, protein restriction, and phosphorus restriction, which are known not to cure kidney disease but to slow its progression.

Adding homotoxicology to these treatments may further enhance the potential to slow down the progression of the disease.

One of the key attractions of homotoxicology is that it can be added to conventional treatments. The effectiveness can be judged based on changes in creatinine levels and overall health improvements.

If significant improvement is observed, it may be possible to reduce the frequency of subcutaneous fluids.

Since subcutaneous fluids are not pleasant experiences for dogs and cats, this reduction could help ease their stress levels. Consult with your veterinarian.

Animal Hospitals Practicing Homotoxicology

Below is a list of animal hospitals that handle Cordy* in clinical practice and have adopted homotoxicology as part of their treatment methods.

※ Please note that we do not have information on animal hospitals practicing homotoxicology other than those listed below. For more details regarding homotoxicology treatments, please contact the respective animal hospitals.

Takinomizu Animal Hospital (Nagoya City, Aichi Prefecture)

Sakura Animal Hospital (Fukutsu City, Fukuoka Prefecture)

Homotoxicology and Cordy

Our laboratory is conducting research on the synergistic effects when homotoxicology and Cordy are used together.

We can also send out materials about Cordy to animal hospitals, so we recommend discussing the combined use of homotoxicology and Cordy with your veterinarian.

If you have any questions about Cordy, please feel free to contact us.

監修獣医師：林美彩　　所属クリニック：chicoどうぶつ診療所

所属：

獣医保健ソーシャルワーク協会

著書：

The Function of Lymph – About Lymphocytes, Lymph Nodes, Lymph Vessels, and Lymph Fluid

moro — Fri, 18 Jan 2019 00:37:32 +0000

About Lymphocytes, Lymph Nodes, Lymph Vessels, and Lymph Fluid

Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell. White blood cells include neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes.

Lymphocytes form teams to attack foreign invaders such as viruses and tumor cells (cancer cells). Additionally, they have the ability to remember these invaders and respond quickly to eliminate them if they invade the body again (immune memory).

These lymphocyte teams consist of cells like NK cells, B cells (B lymphocytes), and T cells (T lymphocytes). B cells primarily eliminate foreign substances through humoral immunity (antibodies, which are proteins that react specifically with foreign substances), while T cells do so primarily through cellular immunity (cellular components).

What are Lymph Nodes?

Lymph nodes are one of the immune organs distributed throughout the body.

Immunity refers to the system that “avoids disease,” meaning it is responsible for detecting, attacking, and eliminating bacteria, viruses, and other foreign invaders (non-self) as well as altered self-cells (tumor cells, including cancer cells) entering the body from the outside.

Lymph nodes act as checkpoint stations where lymph fluid, which has collected from tissues throughout the body, flows through lymph vessels and is checked for foreign substances like bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells.

Lymph nodes are populated with lymphocytes responsible for immune functions.

Causes of lymph node swelling (lymphadenopathy) include infections, allergic diseases, immune disorders, blood cancers, and lymph node metastasis from other organs.

Blood Vessels and Lymph Vessels

The vessels that blood flows through are called blood vessels, while the vessels that lymph fluid flows through are called lymph vessels.

Blood vessels transport blood throughout the body, which you may already know. Blood vessels that extend from the heart are called arteries, which gradually branch out and become thinner, turn into capillaries that traverse the body, and then collect into veins, becoming thicker as they re-enter the lungs to exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen, and finally return to the heart.

In contrast, lymph vessels are unidirectional, somewhat like one-way streets.

They begin as capillary lymph vessels in the peripheral areas (the farthest reaches) of the body. The starting points are closed and not connected to any tissues.

Lymph vessels are composed of a single layer of cells with thin walls; their structure is similar to veins but with thinner walls and higher permeability, allowing larger molecules like proteins and pathogens that do not typically enter blood vessels to pass through. Nerves are also present. Initially, they start as thin, web-like capillary lymph vessels that gradually merge and form larger collecting lymph vessels and principal lymph vessels. Eventually, they culminate in two large ducts known as the thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct, which drain into the veins.

Lymph fluid flows towards the exit where it connects with the veins, moving in one direction.

It generally does not flow backward. Unlike blood, which is pumped by the heart, lymph fluid does not have a major pump. Instead, it is propelled by the pressure from the contractions and relaxations of muscles caused by the movements of humans or animals, the pressure changes within the chest due to respiration, and external stimuli such as massage. This pressure is weak, and the flow speed of lymph fluid is slower compared to blood. The flow rate is also not constant.

Function of Lymph Fluid

The fluid flowing inside lymph vessels is called lymph fluid (sometimes simply lymph). The main component of lymph fluid is plasma, the liquid part of blood.

Blood circulates from the heart and back to the heart, delivering nutrients throughout the body and exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide.

While blood circulates throughout the body, there are tissues that do not circulate, and part of the tissue fluid enters the capillary lymph vessels, becoming lymph fluid.

Tissue fluid contains waste products expelled from cells, bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances, which are also taken up by the lymph vessels.

Lymph fluid functions as the sewage system of the body.
The transformation of lymphocytes and lymph nodes into cancer in dogs is referred to as canine malignant lymphoma, and in cats, it is known as feline malignant lymphoma.

As mentioned above, since lymphatic fluid circulates throughout the body, lymphoma can develop in various parts of the body.

Cordy for Lymphoma Tumor Management

Research is being conducted on the potential for improvement of lymphoma and cancers metastasized to lymph nodes by using Cordy to enhance immune response.

If you have any questions, please feel free to contact us.

Lymphoma Case Reports

Case of a Cat with Suspected Lymphoma Maintained Long-Term

Improvement in a Cat’s Spleen Cancer (Lymphoma/Mast Cell Tumor)

Case of a Rabbit’s Lymphoma/Thymoma Controlled Without Strain

Various Fatty Acids: Types and Roles of Fatty Acids

moro — Mon, 14 Jan 2019 07:00:28 +0000

Various oils, such as flaxseed oil, coconut oil, and MCT oil, including EPA and DHA, which are often featured in TV commercials and health programs, have become widely available.

Many pet owners may be getting EPA and DHA supplements prescribed at animal hospitals, but there are many types of fatty acids, each with different expected benefits. Here, we have organized the types of fatty acids, their respective effects, and differences, so please use this as a reference.

監修獣医師：林美彩　　所属クリニック：chicoどうぶつ診療所

所属：

獣医保健ソーシャルワーク協会

著書：

What are fatty acids?

Not only humans, but animals, including dogs and cats, need to consume fat as one of the three major nutrients. The components of this fat are called “fatty acids.”

When fatty acids enter the body, they are stored as energy sources in fat tissues, and they also serve as materials for constructing cell membranes, the brain, and various hormones, playing very important roles. Fatty acids are divided into several types.

Types of Fatty Acids

Fatty acids are broadly categorized into ① Saturated Fatty Acids and ② Unsaturated Fatty Acids, and further sub-categorized.

① Saturated Fatty Acids

Mainly fatty acids that serve as energy sources, they are abundantly found in fats from meat and dairy products (lard, beef tallow, etc.) and exist in solid form at room temperature.

If there is a deficiency, blood vessels may become fragile, leading to brain hemorrhages, but excessive intake can increase triglycerides and cholesterol, leading to arteriosclerosis.
Saturated fatty acids are classified into the following three types based on the number of carbon bonds.

＜Long-chain Fatty Acids＞

Long-chain fatty acids are the most prevalent in animal fats. Most common cooking oils also consist of these long-chain fatty acids.

Excessive intake of long-chain fatty acids can lead to tumors, so intake should be monitored. They are mainly found in coconut oil, palm oil, butter, and beef tallow.

＜Medium-chain Fatty Acids＞

Known for being easily digested and absorbed, these fatty acids do not accumulate in the body.
Normally, the digestion and absorption of fats require digestive enzymes and bile acids, but medium-chain fatty acids can be absorbed without these, making them easier on the body.

Their strong antioxidant properties are also expected to help with anti-aging within the body. Coconut oil and MCT oil, which have gained popularity recently, are medium-chain fatty acids.

＜Short-chain Fatty Acids＞

Instead of being directly consumed as fats, these fatty acids are produced when good bacteria utilize dietary fiber that has reached the intestines.
They help activate intestinal health.

They are mainly found in dairy products such as butter, cheese, and milk.

② Unsaturated Fatty Acids

These fatty acids help regulate the levels of triglycerides and cholesterol in the blood.
Abundantly found in fish and vegetable oils, they exist in liquid form at room temperature.
Unsaturated fatty acids are categorized into two types based on the number of double bonds in their carbon structure.

＜Monounsaturated Fatty Acids＞

Also known as n-9 polyunsaturated fatty acids, the representative fatty acid is oleic acid.

They help reduce bad cholesterol, which is a cause of arteriosclerosis, and are expected to enhance liver and intestinal functions.
They are more resistant to oxidation than polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Oleic acid is found in olive oil and almonds.

Heating these oils can cause oxidation, so it is better not to apply heat.

＜Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids＞

There are two types of polyunsaturated fatty acids: Omega-3 (n-3) and Omega-6 (n-6).

(1) Omega-3 (n-3) Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
The representatives of Omega-3 fatty acids are α-Linolenic Acid and EPA/DHA.

• α-Linolenic Acid: Found in plant-based oils such as perilla (egoma) oil and flaxseed oil
・EPA/DHA⇒Fish

Alpha-linolenic acid enters the body and is converted into EPA/DHA with the help of enzymes.
⇒ For more information on EPA and DHA, read the article here: “The Potential Effects of Omega-3 (EPA/DHA) Fatty Acids”

These acids are also constituents of cell membranes and are used as materials for physiologically active substances such as prostaglandins. They help reduce triglycerides, increase good cholesterol, have anti-inflammatory effects, and prevent blood clots, potentially aiding in the prevention of lifestyle-related diseases.

Due to their effects on the autonomic nervous system, they can help alleviate stress and activate the brain’s nervous system. Deficiencies can lead to dermatitis, decreased concentration, and impaired growth.

They oxidize easily, so avoid heating them!

(2) Omega-6 (n-6) Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
Omega-6 includes linoleic acid, gamma-linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid.

・Linoleic Acid⇒Safflower Oil and Sesame Oil
・Gamma-Linolenic Acid⇒Breast Milk and Evening Primrose Oil
・Arachidonic Acid⇒Animal Products Like Liver and Egg Whites

Linoleic acid is converted into gamma-linolenic acid, which is then converted into arachidonic acid.

Like omega-3, they are constituents of cell membranes and are used as materials for physiologically active substances. While they help reduce bad cholesterol, they also reduce good cholesterol. Excessive intake can lead to arteriosclerosis and allergic reactions.

Since heating increases the risk of oxidation, it’s better to avoid heating.

【Balance of Omega-3 and Omega-6】
It’s said that the balance between omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids is essential. The ideal intake ratio is

Omega-3: Omega-6 = 1:4

However, in modern diets, the ratio has become 1:10 to 40 due to the prevalent use of omega-6 oils.
Since most pet foods are heat-processed, it’s likely that this balance is disrupted.

Excessive intake of omega-6 can lead to allergies and inflammation. Tumors, being a form of chronic inflammation, can also potentially develop.

First, try reducing omega-6 oils and actively consuming omega-3 oils to aim for a 1:4 balance. If you use commercial pet food, you can’t change the oil ratio in the food itself, so it’s recommended to supplement with foods or supplements rich in omega-3.

However, excessive intake is also not advisable.

Excessive omega-3 can cause soft stools and a tendency to bleed. It is rare to overconsume omega-3 through food alone, but when using supplements (especially for pets already showing bleeding tendencies), make sure to adhere strictly to the recommended dosage.

Also, some dogs and cats may have enzymes that do not efficiently convert alpha-linolenic acid into EPA and DHA.

Since it’s challenging to determine the activity of these conversion enzymes, it is recommended to use forms that provide EPA and DHA directly, rather than relying on alpha-linolenic acid, when incorporating omega-3 fatty acids into the diet.

Expected Effects of Omega-3 (EPA/DHA) Fatty Acids

moro — Mon, 14 Jan 2019 06:46:49 +0000

Omega-3 (n-3) saturated fatty acids include EPA and DHA. EPA and DHA are often discussed together, but they actually have different effects. Here, we will explain the expected effects of Omega-3 saturated fatty acids, EPA and DHA.

What is EPA?

EPA’s full name is Eicosapentaenoic Acid. It was identified in the 1960s and research began on it. It is incorporated into cells throughout the body and has the effect of reducing blood triglycerides and LDL cholesterol, thus helping to improve blood characteristics. Therefore, it contributes to the prevention and improvement of atherosclerosis and hypertension.

What is DHA?

DHA’s full name is Docosahexaenoic Acid. Research on DHA started approximately ten years after EPA. Like EPA, it is incorporated into cells throughout the body and helps to reduce blood triglycerides and LDL cholesterol, thereby aiding in improving blood characteristics and helping to prevent and improve atherosclerosis and hypertension. However, its effect is inferior to that of EPA. There are no studies using 100% pure DHA, and because some data includes EPA, the exact effectiveness of DHA alone is unknown.

The Difference Between EPA and DHA

There is a significant difference between EPA and DHA, which is whether they can pass through the blood-brain barrier.

The brain is a very delicate area, and to prevent various drugs and components from easily entering, there is a barricade called the blood-brain barrier. DHA is one of the few components that can penetrate this blood-brain barrier.
Because it can “penetrate the blood-brain barrier, thus affecting the central nervous system“, it is used for preventing dementia by activating brain cells. It’s also recommended for infants (during growth) for brain development.

Additionally, DHA can “penetrate the blood-retinal barrier“. Since 40-60% of the retina’s fat is composed of DHA, taking DHA can potentially “alleviate eye symptoms (such as dry eye)“.

On the other hand, since EPA cannot penetrate the blood-brain barrier, it does not affect the central nervous system. Similarly, it cannot penetrate the blood-retinal barrier, so it does not help in alleviating eye symptoms. However, EPA is easily increased in the bloodstream after ingestion, making it crucial for the health of the circulatory system, including blood and blood vessels. Therefore, the saying “eating blue fish makes your blood flow smoothly” refers to the work of EPA.

As summarized above, EPA and DHA have different effects. However, since currently marketed supplements contain both EPA and DHA together, it is believed they can be effective for both the entire body and the brain. There are various manufacturers selling these products, so please make sure to check the raw materials and ingredients carefully and choose products with fewer additives that can be given safely.

At the Cordy Lab, we are conducting research on krill oil, which contains EPA/DHA extracted from Antarctic krill.

Recommended Reading

Our lab is advancing research on the interaction between fatty acids and Cordy, particularly focusing on the interaction between krill oil, which contains EPA/DHA extracted from Antarctic krill, and Cordy.

If you have any questions, please contact us.

監修獣医師：林美彩　　所属クリニック：chicoどうぶつ診療所

所属：

獣医保健ソーシャルワーク協会

著書：

Can krill oil help with anti-inflammatory effects and dementia prevention? Introducing the benefits and side effects for dogs.

moro — Mon, 14 Jan 2019 06:39:43 +0000

Are you curious about “What is krill oil?” or “Are there any side effects when using krill oil?”

Krill oil is an oil derived from Antarctic krill, a type of zooplankton found in the sea. Predominantly residing in the Southern Ocean, krill serve as food for various marine animals like whales. Additionally, krill oil has been valued as a health-preserving oil for people in regions near Antarctica, where vegetables are scarce, and diets are primarily meat-based. It’s beneficial for the health maintenance of dogs and cats, so consider incorporating it into their diet.

By reading this article, you will learn the following:

What you’ll learn from this article

Discover what krill oil is and enjoy a long and happy life with your beloved pets.

Research Papers on Krill Oil

Research on krill oil is being conducted worldwide, with a significant amount of research in Western countries. Here, we provide a brief summary of the main papers.

Introduction to krill oil research papers here

What is Krill Oil?

Krill oil is an omega-3 oil derived from Antarctic krill. It is rich in three crucial nutrients:

① EPA & DHA (Omega-3 fatty acids)
② Lecithin (phospholipids)
③ Astaxanthin

EPA & DHA

EPA and DHA are types of omega-3 fatty acids known for their anti-inflammatory properties and ability to improve blood circulation. DHA, in particular, can benefit the brain and retinal health, potentially preventing dementia and alleviating dry eye symptoms. While fish oil also contains EPA & DHA, the EPA & DHA in krill oil are in phospholipid-bound form, making them more water-soluble and easier for the body to absorb.

For more information on EPA & DHA, please refer to our other article:
About EPA & DHA

Lecithin

Lecithin is a type of phospholipid. Phospholipids are major components of cell membranes and help strengthen cell membranes.
・Taking in nutrients into cells and expelling unnecessary substances to maintain a stable cellular environment
・Transporting necessary substances
・Receptors that respond to stimuli from outside the cell

These are some of the functions it performs. When the cell membrane is damaged, these functions become sluggish. As a result, it can lead to decreased stamina, lowered resistance to infections, diminished detoxification effects, and the accumulation of toxins in the body, causing various symptoms.
Additionally, it has been found that if you are ‘unable to gain weight despite eating’ or ‘gaining weight without eating much,’ a deterioration in cell membrane function may be the cause.

Astaxanthin

Astaxanthin is a powerful antioxidant. By removing ‘reactive oxygen species’ that damage cells, it helps prevent cellular damage and aids in the expulsion of toxins that cause diseases and illnesses. Additionally, it prevents the oxidation of EPA and DHA and, like DHA, is one of the few antioxidants that can affect the brain’s nervous system and the retina of the eyes.
Furthermore, astaxanthin facilitates the conversion of accumulated body fat into energy, leading to the prevention of muscle fatigue and the suppression of fatigue-inducing substances.

Krill oil is recommended for such pets

Our research lab is also studying krill oil extracted from Antarctic krill, which contains EPA, DHA, and astaxanthin. If you have any questions, please contact us.

監修獣医師：林美彩　　所属クリニック：chicoどうぶつ診療所

所属：

獣医保健ソーシャルワーク協会

著書：

Recommended Reading

Regarding surgical therapy for dogs, cats, and other pets

moro — Mon, 14 Jan 2019 06:11:03 +0000

Even when we say “surgery” in one word, the purposes of surgeries can vary. For example, in the case of cancer surgery, there are curative surgeries aimed at treating cancer, as well as palliative surgeries that aim to alleviate symptoms. When recommended for surgery, it is advisable to thoroughly check the risks of the surgery and the benefits it offers.

Classification by Purpose of Surgery

Curative Surgery

Curative surgery refers to operations performed with the expectation of completely curing the disease. The goal is to remove all tumors (complete resection), and it may include removing not only the tumor but also organs and tissues that may have spread tumor cells (e.g., lymph nodes). When referred to as complete resection, it indicates curative surgery.

Palliative Surgery

Palliative surgery refers to operations performed not to cure the disease, but to alleviate symptoms. When curative surgery is difficult, palliative surgery is performed with the aim of improving QOL (Quality of Life). It is sometimes referred to as debulking surgery.

Classification by Extent of Resection

Standard Surgery

Standard surgery refers to operations that have been commonly performed with the aim of achieving a cure.

Extended Surgery

Extended surgery involves resecting a broader area than standard surgery with the aim of completely removing the tumor. It is performed to prevent recurrence and metastasis but involves extensive resection, which places a significant burden on the body and may lead to decreased postoperative QOL (Quality of Life). It is mainly performed for advanced cancers and is often used in cases of mastocytomas.

Reduced Surgery

Reduced surgery involves resecting a smaller area than standard surgery. This type of surgery aims to preserve function, so it has less impact on other tissues and organs and places less burden on the body, but it carries a higher risk of recurrence and metastasis. It is mainly performed for early-stage cancers or small tumors.

Post-surgical Immune Recovery

Anesthesia is administered during surgery, which disrupts the body’s overall immunity, leading to decreased immunity post-surgery. Research is being conducted on whether Cordy can accelerate recovery of physical strength and immunity post-surgery. Additionally, research is also progressing on whether Placenta Extract Powder derived from SPF pigs in Japan can expedite wound healing.

Our laboratory continues to research Cordy, which is expected to have immune-modulating effects, and Placenta Extract Powder derived from SPF pigs in Japan, which is expected to protect liver function. If you have any questions, please contact us.