Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) and Modes of Infection

FeLV is an RNA virus that belongs to the Gamma retrovirus genus. It is transmitted through the saliva, tears, urine, and feces of an infected cat, entering the body through the mouth or nose.

Specifically, cats can become infected through biting during fights, grooming each other, or sharing dishes and litter boxes.

Additionally, an infected cat can transmit the virus to her kittens via the placenta or milk, and infection can also occur from the saliva during grooming.

FeLV is very unstable in the environment and loses its infectivity within minutes to hours at room temperature.

However, it can retain infectivity for a longer period in moist places like pet pads.

Furthermore, in 2002, a research team from Nihon University reported that cats infested by fleas have a higher tendency of FeLV infection (Maruyama, 2002).

Symptoms of Feline Leukemia (FeLV)

Early symptoms include fever, lethargy, lymph node swelling, and anemia, which last from a week to several months before temporarily subsiding.

Since the virus is not eliminated from the body, many cats experience recurrent symptoms, and some develop tumors like lymphoma or leukemia within a few years.

When the virus affects the bone marrow, it can cause aplastic anemia and leukopenia, leading to weakened immunity, making secondary infections more likely.

FeLV infection can also cause glomerulonephritis, progressing to renal failure, characterized by increased drinking and urination, loss of appetite, weight loss, and anemia.

If a mother cat is infected, it can lead to miscarriage or stillbirth, and kittens born may die early.

The virus remains latent and doesn’t manifest, making complete recovery difficult, leading to death within months to years.

FeLV infection is classified into four types based on the progression speed and characteristics.

1. Progressive Form

This is the most severe type.

The virus proliferates in tissues like lymph tissues, bone marrow, mucosal layers, and glandular epithelial tissues, compromising immunity. Most infected cats die within 3-4 years.

2. Regressive Form

The cat’s immune response suppresses viral proliferation before it invades the bone marrow, clearing the virus from the body.

The virus doesn’t replicate or get excreted.

3. Abortive Form

Although the cat is infected, tests cannot detect the virus, antigen, viral RNA, or proviral DNA. This type is rare after artificial infection.

4. Localized Form

The virus is confined to specific areas like the spleen, lymph nodes, small intestine, and mammary glands, but this is a rare case.

Risk Factors for FeLV Infection

– Male cats (2.4 times more likely than females)

– Adult cats (2.5 times more likely than kittens over seven months old)

– Free-ranging cats (8.9 times more likely than indoor cats)

Stray cats have a higher prevalence of FeLV than house cats, so it is crucial to check for the virus when rescuing stray cats.

Testing for FeLV

A blood test can determine infection status.

However, it cannot be detected immediately after infection.

The test can identify infection approximately one month post-exposure.

If the initial test after rescue is negative, a retest should be conducted after one month since a retest may yield negative even if initially positive.

Repeated tests confirming positive indicate definite infection.

When symptoms like lymphoma and leukemia are observed and tested positive, a single test may suffice for diagnosis.

 
For kittens, the presence of maternal antibodies may prevent accurate test results. Therefore, it is recommended to conduct tests one month after taking the kitten in and when the kitten is over three months old.

Treatment for Feline Leukemia Virus

Unfortunately, current veterinary medicine cannot eliminate the virus from the body.

Symptomatic treatment is provided to alleviate discomfort according to each symptom.

Main Symptomatic Treatments

– Interferon

– Antibiotics

– Anti-inflammatory drugs

– Antineoplastic agents

– Blood transfusions

– Intravenous drips

Impact on Other Species

Since it is a virus specific to cats, it is believed not to infect humans or animals other than those of the Felidae family.

How to Deal with Household Cats

As mentioned earlier, the Feline Leukemia Virus is a frightening infectious disease that can easily spread through grooming and fighting.

Therefore, if you have other cats living with a cat that is positive for the Feline Leukemia Virus, it is important to isolate them.

There is also a risk of transmission through food dishes and litter boxes, so ideally, it is recommended to keep the infected cat and other cats in completely separate rooms.

If you are unsure whether a new cat has the virus, it is recommended to isolate it until it tests negative for the virus.

However, if isolation from the infected cat is not possible and they have to share the same space, there are combination vaccines that include the Feline Leukemia Virus. For cats that test negative, vaccination can be considered.

However, it is important to note that even combination vaccines do not provide 100% protection against infection.

They help to create a state where the infection is less likely to establish and the disease is less likely to develop. Therefore, creating an environment where the infected cat does not come into contact with other cats is still considered crucial to prevent infection.

Vaccines are not only ineffective for cats that are already infected, but their safety is also not established. Make sure to get a test before vaccination.

Preventing Onset of Feline Leukemia

If the immune system is functioning properly, it is expected to prevent the onset of the Feline Leukemia Virus.

Conversely, stress can disrupt the immune balance and result in the onset of the disease.

Regardless of the Feline Leukemia Virus infection status, stress disrupts the immune balance and can lead to infections, autoimmune diseases, and tumors. Therefore, it is important to provide a stress-free lifestyle.

Take another look at your cat’s living environment and diet.

Maintaining a healthy gut environment is also essential for a proper immune system. There are tests available to examine gut bacteria, and it might be beneficial to have such a test done to check your cat’s gut flora, even if they are currently producing good stools.

The fundamental measure to prevent the Feline Leukemia Virus is to keep the cat entirely indoors to avoid exposure to the virus.

However, even if a newly adopted cat tests positive for the Feline Leukemia Virus, it does not mean that the cat will necessarily develop the disease 100%.

To ensure that your beloved cat lives its life to the fullest until the very end, strive to provide a stress-free lifestyle and enjoy “Nyan Life” with your entire family.

Since the inflammation of blood vessels causes various symptoms, it is said that the behavior of this virus is similar to coronavirus in humans.

FECV prevalence is around 40% in outdoor cats and around 90% in multi-cat environments. Therefore, it might be safe to assume that most cats acquired from breeders or pet shops carry FECV.

Even if a cat carries FECV, many cats remain healthy throughout their lives.

However, if it mutates into FIPV for some reason, the virus proliferates in organs throughout the body, leading to the development of FIP.

### 【Age of Onset and Breeds Prone to FIP】

FIP is said to be more commonly seen in cats under three years of age (particularly those aged 4-16 months) and in senior cats.

Reports indicate that over 70% of FIP cases occur in cats under one year old. This is thought to be because the immune system is still immature in younger cats, and it becomes less effective in seniors.

Also, purebred cats (especially Asian breeds like Himalayans and Birmans) are reported to be more susceptible to FIP than mixed-breed cats.

### 【Transmission Routes】

Since FIPV itself is very weak outside the body and quickly becomes inactive, there is no current evidence of FIPV itself infecting other cats (horizontal transmission).

FECV is transmitted via feces, which means that sharing litter boxes, grooming fur contaminated with feces, or licking saliva mixed with feces can cause infection.

Factors contributing to the mutation from FECV to FIPV include:

– Age (young cats with underdeveloped immune systems or senior cats with weakened immune systems)
– Multi-cat environments
– Stress
– Diseases that cause immune abnormalities such as Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) and Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)
– Treatment with immunosuppressive drugs

### 【Symptoms and Types of FIP】

Initial symptoms include:

– Decreased appetite
– Weight loss
– Fever
– Gastrointestinal symptoms like vomiting and diarrhea

Since these are not specific to FIP and can occur in various diseases, it is often difficult to recognize FIP at this stage.

FIP can be classified into the following three types based on additional symptoms observed beyond the initial ones:

#### ① Wet Type (Exudative)

Most cases of FIP are the wet type.
Symptoms include dehydration, anemia, abdominal swelling due to ascites, breathing difficulties due to pleural effusion, and jaundice.
The ascitic and pleural fluid removed is usually yellow and viscous.
Most cats die within two weeks to one month after diagnosis, and the average life expectancy is said to be 7-10 days.

#### ② Dry Type (Non-exudative)

This type is characterized by the formation of granulomas in various organs such as the kidneys, liver, brain, and eyes.
Symptoms vary depending on the affected organs. If the brain is affected, neurological symptoms like seizures, behavior changes, abnormal behavior, difficulty walking, paralysis of elimination, or facial nerve paralysis may be observed.

#### ③ Mixed Type

This type combines features of both wet and dry types and progresses more slowly than the wet type alone.

### 【Diagnosis of FIP】

The diagnosis of FIP is mostly confirmed by detecting FIPV from blood, pleural fluid, or ascitic fluid through PCR testing.

For the wet type, diagnosis is relatively straightforward with tests on pleural/ascitic fluids and blood tests showing an Albumin:Globulin ratio (A:G ratio) of less than 0.8, and elevated total protein levels.

For the dry type, there is no definitive test for a 100% FIP diagnosis. Diagnosis often involves a combination of age, onset progression, symptoms, blood tests, imaging, antibody titers, and serum protein fractions.

### 【General Treatment for FIP】

Currently, there is no established effective treatment for FIP. Treatment is limited to symptomatic therapy to alleviate symptoms.
### Types of Symptomatic Therapies

– Steroids
– Interferon
– Immunosuppressants
– Antibiotics
– IV Drip

These are some of the symptomatic therapies available.

【Other Treatments for FIP】

In recent years, treatments for FIP have been evolving significantly.

However, since these treatments involve unapproved drugs within Japan, they can be costly and vary widely in safety that has not yet been fully established. Therefore, the decision to use them lies with the pet owners.

There have been cases where alternative therapies combined with conventional treatments and supplements combined with conventional treatments have achieved remission. Nonetheless, these do not compare to the remission rates of unapproved drugs within Japan.

The following introduces treatment options other than conventional treatments.

①GS-441524
This is a precursor to GS-5734, an antiviral agent that inhibits RNA virus replication in humans, and it has shown potential for high antiviral efficacy against FIPV.

A paper published in 2019 by Dr. Pedersen’s group at the University of California, Davis, stated that treatment with GS-441524, a novel substance that inhibits replication synthesis, achieved more than 80% long-term survival.

Previously, only injectable forms were available. However, since last year, an oral formulation of GS-441524 can be purchased in the UK and can now be imported into Japan for use in animals.

②MUTIAN (currently Xraphconn)
This drug was developed by China’s MUTIAN company as a GS-441524 analogue. While MUTIAN was available in capsule form, the current Xraphconn (Lapcon) comes in tablet form.

It appears to be more widely used compared to GS among unapproved FIP drugs in Japan. However, the cost is higher than GS, and it can vary depending on the type and severity of FIP and the weight of the animal, with total treatment costs ranging from 1 to 2 million yen or more.

③CHUANFUNING (CFN)
This drug is manufactured by a company founded by former employees of MUTIAN and is said to have the same manufacturing method and ingredients as the previously circulated MUTIAN.
The number of cases treated with CFN is increasing, and treatment results comparable to MUTIAN have been confirmed. When comparing the published data, CFN seems to have a slightly higher improvement rate than Xraphconn.

The above mentioned options ①～③ are unapproved drugs within Japan that are currently widely adopted. As a standard method, treatment is administered for 84 days, followed by a three-month observation period, after which tests are conducted to confirm whether remission has been achieved.

④Remdesivir
This is a treatment for the human novel coronavirus. It has also begun to be used for FIP treatment in Australia and the UK on a case-by-case basis, with reports of an 85-90% efficacy rate in over 400 cases.

The International Society of Feline Medicine (ISFM) has introduced a protocol for FIP treatment that combines GS-441524 and Remdesivir. In Australia, there has been a treatment record of approximately 500 cats from October 2020 to November 2021.

⑤Molnupiravir
This is a drug that has begun to be used domestically for the human novel coronavirus and has also shown reports of efficacy against FIP.
It costs about one-tenth of GS-441524, but its safety for use in cats has not yet been confirmed, and it is less effective in terms of anti-FIP viral activity compared to GS.

Additionally, Molnupiravir poses concerns about mutagenicity and carcinogenicity, making it unlikely to be a first-choice medication at present.

In the future, it may be used for animals that have developed resistance to GS formulations.

⑥5-Aminolevulinic Acid (5-ALA)
In 2021, there were reports from a collaborative study between Kitasato University and Neopharma Japan confirming the suppressive effect of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid (5-ALA) on the replication of feline coronavirus.

Since these results are still from laboratory experiments, its use as a therapeutic drug is yet to come. However, since the safety of the ingredient in the body is already established, there is a reasonable expectation that it may be approved as a treatment for FIP in the future.

7. Homeopathy and Chinese Medicine
There are cases where using a combination of conventional treatment and alternative therapies has led to remission or symptom control.

The types of homeopathy and Chinese medicine prescribed can vary depending on the treating doctor, so specific types are not mentioned here.

8. Supplements
To combat the virus, it is crucial to have a properly functioning immune system.

Therefore, using supplements that support the immune system can be expected to help manage symptoms.

In cases where there is an accumulation of pleural effusion or ascites, a deficiency of amino acids in the body can occur. Thus, BCAA supplementation is recommended. Additionally, supporting liver function can promote albumin production, so liver care supplements (such as placenta) are also advised.

Considering that unapproved drugs are metabolized in the liver, providing liver care can support the body during treatment with unapproved drugs.

Furthermore, since FIP presents systemic symptoms due to viral-induced vasculitis, it is recommended to take EPA/DHA for inflammation care.

Although new treatments are emerging, they are still not widely common, and the treatment costs are high, so not all cats are able to receive these treatments.

I earnestly hope that one day, FIP treatments will become equally accessible to all cats.

FeLV (Feline Leukemia) and FIP (Feline Infectious Peritonitis) can be devastating diagnoses, but do not lose hope. These are urgent conditions, but by implementing immune support with Cordy, alongside measures to reduce inflammation and review diet and supplement necessary nutrients to maintain strength, there are numerous cases where the condition can be managed and there is improvement in energy and appetite.

Examples of Cordy Use for FeLV and FIP

Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) spreads among cats through fighting, mating, and grooming. It can easily infect multiple cats in a household, leading to cases where all the cats are infected.

It is known to cause diseases such as lymphoma, which has a high mortality rate when occurring in young cats, making the primary goal of treatment to prolong life as much as possible.

Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) occurs when the feline coronavirus mutates into the highly pathogenic Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus (FIPV). For further details, please refer to “Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) – Coronavirus infection, symptoms, and tips for improvement and cure.”

Feline coronavirus spreads through saliva and feces, making it highly contagious. It is said that half the cats in Japan (some estimates claim over 70%) are infected. The chance of coronavirus mutating into FIPV increases when a cat’s immune system is compromised.

FIP is classified into two types: the wet form, characterized by fluid accumulation in the abdomen or chest, and the dry form, which causes granuloma formation and neurological symptoms.

We have received a report of a cat suffering from both FeLV and FIP experiencing stabilized health after using Cordy, which we are sharing here.

Information provided by: Nagai Animal Hospital

FeLV, FIP: Cordy and Steroid Combination Therapy

Gender: Spayed Female
Age: 10 years
Weight: ~4 kg

Complaints

June 15, 2018
Decrease in appetite and loss of energy observed.
Still active enough to go outdoors.

Examination Details

General blood test showed jaundice.
FeLV positive, FIV negative on virus test.

Diagnosis:
FeLV infection, suspected FIP

Treatment Details

Vibramycin (Doxycycline) 25mg/BID (twice daily)
Biofermin R 1/2 tablet/BID (twice daily)
Prednisolone 5mg/SID (once daily)
Cordy and Organic Germanium 2g/day (0.4g per kg body weight)

Administered the above for 14 days.
Thereafter, only prednisolone and Cordy continued at the same dosage.

Progress

From initial presentation on June 15, 2018, until now (November 12, 2018), energy and appetite have been stable.

Cordy and Steroid Combination Therapy

Cordy: 1-2g/BID (twice daily) for up to 4 kg body weight
Prednisolone: 2mg/kg/SID (once daily) or 1mg/kg/BID (twice daily)
Biofermin R

【Note from the Laboratory】
In Western medicine, FeLV, FIP, and FIV (Feline AIDS) have no cures and are typically managed with symptomatic treatment. However, incorporating alternative therapies can often lead to symptom relief and remission.

The onset of viral diseases is primarily due to a decline in immunity. Therefore, when dealing with viruses like FeLV, FIV, and feline coronavirus, it is essential to maintain stable immunity to prevent the viruses from causing illness.

Immune Support with Cordy for FIP, FeLV, and FIV

FIP is an extremely rapidly progressing and highly fatal disease. FeLV (Feline Leukemia Virus) and FIV (Feline AIDS) are also troublesome conditions. However, by using Cordy to regulate the immune system, supporting liver health with domestically produced SPF pig-derived placenta extract, managing inflammation with krill oil extracted from Antarctic krill (EPA/DHA), and providing low-protein diets such as green tripe (ruminant stomach) and amino acid supplements containing BCAAs, many cases have shown improved prognoses.

If you have any questions, please contact us.

監修獣医師：林美彩　　所属クリニック：chicoどうぶつ診療所

代替療法と西洋医学、両方の動物病院での勤務経験と多数のコルディの臨床経験をもつ。　モノリス在籍時には、一般的な動物医療（西洋医学）だけでは対応が困難な症例に対して多くの相談を受け、免疫の大切さを痛烈に実感する。
ペットたちの健康維持・改善のためには薬に頼った対処療法だけではなく、「普段の生活環境や食事を見直し、自宅でさまざまなケアを取り入れることで免疫力を維持し、病気にならない体づくりを目指していくことが大切である」という考えを提唱し普及活動に従事している。

所属：

• 獣医保健ソーシャルワーク協会

著書：

• 獣医師が考案した長生き犬ごはん 安心・簡単・作り置きOK!
• 獣医師が考案した長生き猫ごはん　安心・簡単・作り置きＯＫ！
• 獣医師が考案した一汁一菜長生き犬ごはん こだわりの安心レシピ&作り置きOK!

Condition of the Cat with FIP before Using Cordy

February 2018
Since the cat was four months old, there had been concerns about coughing, and upon visiting the animal hospital, pleural effusion was discovered. The pleural effusion had the characteristic yellowish, viscous appearance typical of FIP, leading to a diagnosis of FIP. Steroid and interferon were administered for two consecutive days. However, as the symptoms did not improve, hospital treatment was temporarily halted and the situation was monitored at home.

At home, the focus was placed on detoxification, switching from dry food to homemade meals.

– Oral cleansing with baking soda water
– Homemade plum extract
– Edible charcoal powder
– Manuka honey

These measures were incorporated.

After two consecutive days of black stools, it was determined that some detoxification had been achieved.

– Tamogi mushroom
– Carp oil (rich in amino acids and DHA; discontinued at the end of June 2018)
– Moringa (a plant rich in vitamins, minerals, amino acid GABA, polyphenols, and other nutrients)
– Fermented vegetable powder
– Goat milk

These ingredients were used to create and administer homemade tonics.

Pleural effusion removal was performed on February 15 and March 30.

Condition After Using Cordy

On April 7, we had a consultation over the phone, and the following points were discussed:

– The use of mushroom-based supplements might cause immune depletion.
– The use of adlay tea to expect diuretic effects.
– Amino acids containing BCAA for protein supplementation.
– Incorporating massage as much as possible.

Starting from April 8, Cordy’s administration began, and Tamogi mushroom was discontinued. After administration, the condition gradually stabilized, and the weight increased from around 1.6 kg at the onset to 3.3 kg as of 9 months old.

On April 25, the third pleural effusion removal was performed, but the effusion no longer had the characteristics of FIP. As of July 11, 2018, no further effusion removal has been necessary.

Upon reading the blog, it was clear that instead of relying solely on the hospital, significant research was done on what could be done at home for the beloved cat. The mother’s deep affection was palpable.

Additionally, in the videos, the cat exhibited such a lively demeanor, running and climbing as if not affected by FIP.

About Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)

Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) is a viral disease in cats, often referred to as an incurable disease, with a median survival period after diagnosis of nine days. (According to the report by the Feline Infectious Disease Study Group)

Despite the advances in medical science, a definitive treatment for FIP has not yet been established, and most approaches are symptomatic. However, as demonstrated by the cat in this case, home care can sometimes improve the quality of life without relying solely on hospitals and medications.

For more information on Feline Infectious Peritonitis, please refer to another page we have compiled: ‘ About Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)‘
In the case of this cat, incorporating supplements that aid in detoxifying and supporting the body has proven effective. However, more than anything else, I believe it is the result of the “owner’s positive engagement.”

Owners and pets are “inseparable.”

Rather than becoming pessimistic due to an incurable disease, the determination to find something that can be done and to strive together is the most potent medicine to draw out the life force of pets.

Owners who are currently in a challenging situation, please try to engage positively in even just one thing. It will surely become a “ray of hope” for your pet.

Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) Measures

FIP is a difficult disease to treat, but there are many cases where improving immunity, reducing inflammation, reviewing the diet, and protecting the liver from the side effects of steroids and interferon can help restore vitality and appetite, thereby improving the Quality of Life (QoL).

Depending on the approach, coexisting with FIP or improving the prognosis is possible, so please do not despair.

Boosting Immunity

Providing Cordy can help improve the cat’s immunity, improve symptoms, and enhance QoL. Even cats diagnosed with the so-called incurable Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) have been reported to live more comfortably with alleviated symptoms.

Reducing Inflammation

FIP is a disease accompanied by inflammation. In wet-type FIP, abdominal effusion accumulates in the abdominal cavity, but reducing peritoneal inflammation can make it less likely for the effusion to build up. It is recommended to provide EPA/DHA oil to help reduce FIP-induced inflammation.

Essential fatty acids like EPA and DHA are expected to have anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects. Particularly, krill oil extracted from Antarctic krill is better absorbed than the EPA/DHA found in fish and is rich in astaxanthin, an antioxidant that enhances EPA/DHA absorption.

Protecting the Liver

In FIP, it is common to use steroids (such as prednisolone) or interferon for treatment, but these medications place a burden on the liver. The liver is known as the silent organ, and it is not uncommon for it to suffer damage even if no abnormalities are detected in blood tests.

When the liver is damaged, it cannot produce energy, which can result in lethargy, decreased appetite, and an increased likelihood of side effects from medication.
Domestic SPF Pig-Derived Placenta Extract Powder Can Improve Liver Function.

The liver is an organ responsible for detoxification and metabolism. If it functions properly, it can promote the expulsion of toxins and cleanse the body, potentially leading to more stable overall health.

Diet: Implementing a Low-Protein Strategy

When suffering from FIP, the cat’s appetite decreases, leading to significant weight loss. Proteins are essential as they form the body’s blood and muscles.

To prevent a low-protein state, try to provide high-quality protein in your cat’s daily meals as much as possible. Although they might not be able to eat much, incorporating green tripe (the stomach of ruminant animals) could be beneficial.

Green tripe is rich in live enzymes, probiotics, and high-quality animal protein, making it an excellent supplement.

Even if the kidneys are somewhat impaired, FIP is an urgent issue, so ensure your cat gets sufficient protein (amino acids). Providing BCAA, an amino acid formula, may also be advisable.

Summary of FIP Countermeasures

If your beloved cat, a precious member of your family, is diagnosed with Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP), you might consider adopting dietary and immune support measures:

1. Immune Support with Cordyceps: If the cat can drink fluids, liquid-cultured Cordyceps can be administered
2. Inflammation Control with Krill Oil (EPA/DHA extracted from Antarctic krill)
3. Liver Care with Domestic SPF Pig-Derived Placenta Extract Powder
4. Low-Protein Strategy with Green Tripe (the stomach of ruminant animals) / Amino Acids including BCAA

Cordyceps for Immune Support in FIP

FIP is a rapidly progressing and highly fatal disease. However, there have been increasing cases where prognosis improves by combining immune support with Cordyceps, liver care with Domestic SPF Pig-Derived Placenta Extract Powder, inflammation control with krill oil, and low-protein strategies with green tripe or amino acids including BCAA.

If you have any questions, please contact us.

監修獣医師：林美彩　　所属クリニック：chicoどうぶつ診療所

代替療法と西洋医学、両方の動物病院での勤務経験と多数のコルディの臨床経験をもつ。　モノリス在籍時には、一般的な動物医療（西洋医学）だけでは対応が困難な症例に対して多くの相談を受け、免疫の大切さを痛烈に実感する。
ペットたちの健康維持・改善のためには薬に頼った対処療法だけではなく、「普段の生活環境や食事を見直し、自宅でさまざまなケアを取り入れることで免疫力を維持し、病気にならない体づくりを目指していくことが大切である」という考えを提唱し普及活動に従事している。

所属：

• 獣医保健ソーシャルワーク協会

著書：

• 獣医師が考案した長生き犬ごはん 安心・簡単・作り置きOK!
• 獣医師が考案した長生き猫ごはん　安心・簡単・作り置きＯＫ！
• 獣医師が考案した一汁一菜長生き犬ごはん こだわりの安心レシピ&作り置きOK!

What is Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)?

Cats can infect each other through fighting, mating, and grooming. Because it is relatively easy to transmit, in multi-cat households, all cats might become infected. Rest assured, humans and dogs do not need to worry about contracting this virus.

This Feline Leukemia Virus is quite troublesome. The main reasons are the following two points:

It is known that younger cats are more susceptible to infection and more likely to develop diseases such as lymphoma compared to adult cats.

Lymphoma that develops in young cats has an extremely high mortality rate, and the goal of treatment becomes extending the cat’s life as much as possible.

Examinations and Treatment

It is crucial to test your cat to know if they are infected with the feline leukemia virus.

This is important because you need to prevent unknowingly spreading it to other cats.

Unfortunately, there is no effective treatment available.

Testing

A blood test can determine if your cat is infected.

However, it cannot be detected immediately after infection.

You should also get your cat tested when considering vaccination against feline leukemia.

If your cat is already infected, the vaccine will be ineffective. Furthermore, the safety of vaccinating already infected cats is unknown.

You may also need to test if your cat develops malignant lymphoma.

Treatment

If malignant lymphoma develops, chemotherapy with anticancer drugs and steroids may be considered.

Typically, a comprehensive approach with multiple anticancer drugs is used, rather than minimal doses, to aim for remission.

We propose treatments with supplements, diet, and nutrition.

Believe it or not, remission can sometimes be achieved without chemotherapy.

Malignant Lymphoma, a Severe Illness Caused by the Feline Leukemia Virus

Malignant lymphoma in cats is the most severe disease caused by feline leukemia virus infection—essentially, it is cancer.

These symptoms gradually worsen as lymphoma progresses.

If the lungs are affected, pleural effusion may occur, leading to coughing and breathing difficulties, making the condition tough for both cats and their owners.

Please refer to the related page as well.

Prevention Methods for Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)

Prevent Infection with Feline Leukemia Virus.

Feline leukemia can be transmitted through saliva, urine, tears, breast milk, blood, and the placenta. Airborne transmission is less common, but infection can occur through grooming and sharing dishes with an infected cat.

The risk of infection increases with close contact such as fighting or mating.

The most reliable prevention method for Feline Leukemia Virus infection is to avoid contact with infected cats. Keeping your cat indoors significantly reduces the risk of infection. In multi-cat households, if one cat is infected, it is crucial to keep that cat in a separate room and thoroughly disinfect dishes and other items to prevent FeLV from spreading to other cats.

Additionally, neutering or spaying can eliminate the risk of transmission through mating.
The decreased aggression reduces the likelihood of fighting, thereby lowering the risk of infection.

There are other benefits to neutering and spaying as well.

Of course, there are also disadvantages, so consult your veterinarian thoroughly.

Although preventing disease is important, removing healthy organs can be a concern for many. Ensure you understand and agree before proceeding with the surgery.

There is a preventive vaccine available for Feline Leukemia Virus.
However, vaccination does not provide 100% protection against infection. Rarely, side effects may occur.

Moreover, if the cat is already infected, the vaccine is not effective and its safety is not established. Make sure to have a test done before vaccination.

Prevent the Virus from Establishing an Infection Even if It Enters the Body.

Some cats get infected, while others do not. Is this just a twist of fate?

No, it is not.

If it were, the feline leukemia virus would be much more widespread.

The most significant factor influencing infection is immunity.

If a cat’s immunity is strong, the cat is less likely to get infected.

The previously mentioned feline leukemia vaccine also works to prevent infection by educating the immune system.

Always keep your cat in good health, boost its immunity, and create an internal environment resistant to viruses.

Provide a good diet above all else.

If your cat is weak, provide supplements.

This is not limited to feline leukemia virus but is a measure against various infections. It is also the secret to a long and healthy life.

For more information on diet, please refer to this article. Although the article is written for dogs and cats with cancer, the principles are the same.

A strong body houses a strong immune system.

Even if infected, prevent the onset of the disease.

If the virus’s proliferation is continuously prevented, there is a possibility that the cat can go through life without ever developing the disease.

Again, immunity plays a strong role in this. Start working on building a strong body.

Injuries, other viral infections, or bacterial infections can potentially activate the feline leukemia virus.

The activation of the virus can lead to the onset of lymphoma, so it is also important to keep the cat in a safe and sanitary environment.

It may be surprisingly important to frequently replace food and water.

Measures Against Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)

Even if a cat is infected with the feline leukemia virus (FeLV), if its immunity is strong, it can live a lifetime without developing lymphoma or other diseases.

When a cat is infected with FeLV, it is crucial to implement immune measures and provide the necessary nutrients.

As part of immune measures, research is being conducted with the expectation of improving QOL (quality of life) by combining Cordy with Krill Oil, which is rich in EPA/DHA extracted from Antarctic krill for anti-inflammatory measures.

Please feel free to contact us if you have any questions.
The following specific type of Cordyceps fungus, expected to have immune-regulating functions, is also being researched for its applications in humans.

監修獣医師：林美彩　　所属クリニック：chicoどうぶつ診療所

代替療法と西洋医学、両方の動物病院での勤務経験と多数のコルディの臨床経験をもつ。　モノリス在籍時には、一般的な動物医療（西洋医学）だけでは対応が困難な症例に対して多くの相談を受け、免疫の大切さを痛烈に実感する。
ペットたちの健康維持・改善のためには薬に頼った対処療法だけではなく、「普段の生活環境や食事を見直し、自宅でさまざまなケアを取り入れることで免疫力を維持し、病気にならない体づくりを目指していくことが大切である」という考えを提唱し普及活動に従事している。

所属：

• 獣医保健ソーシャルワーク協会

著書：

• 獣医師が考案した長生き犬ごはん 安心・簡単・作り置きOK!
• 獣医師が考案した長生き猫ごはん　安心・簡単・作り置きＯＫ！
• 獣医師が考案した一汁一菜長生き犬ごはん こだわりの安心レシピ&作り置きOK!

Feline AIDS is a disease caused by a virus known as FIV (Feline Immunodeficiency Virus).

When a cat infected with FIV develops AIDS, it falls into immunodeficiency and the susceptibility to various diseases increases. However, it is believed that with immune system support, the cat’s condition can improve, and its QOL (Quality of Life) can be maintained, thereby restoring its energy and appetite.

At Cordy Labs, we are conducting research to see if immune support can help maintain the health of cats that have developed feline AIDS, and there are several cases where the condition has stabilized.

This page summarizes the causes, symptoms, treatments, and tips for improvement or cure of feline AIDS and FIV. We also introduce examples of improvements. We hope it can be a source of support and a beacon of hope for everyone.

What is Feline AIDS?

It is a disease caused by a virus called FIV (Feline Immunodeficiency Virus).

It is transmitted through mating or fighting with an FIV-positive cat.

It is estimated that 10% to 20% of cats in Japan are infected.

Because there is no fundamental cure for this disease, once it develops, there is no treatment, and it becomes a challenging condition leading to immunodeficiency.

However, an infected cat does not develop severe symptoms immediately; there is an incubation period of about five years (which varies by individual).

During this time, the cat can live as normally as a healthy cat.

Due to the long incubation period, some cats can live out their natural lifespan without developing the disease.

Finding out about the infection should not lead to excessive pessimism.

However, a long incubation period means there’s a chance of unknowingly transmitting the virus to other cats.

If infection is confirmed, ensuring indoor living is essential etiquette.

About the Feline AIDS Vaccine

The Feline AIDS vaccine (brand name: Fel-O-Vax FIV) is available.
The infection prevention rate is said to be 70%.

However, even with vaccination, allowing close contact with other cats will not prevent infection.

Consider the vaccine as a supplementary measure. Note that it is ineffective if administered after infection.

If a cat with reduced physical strength or lowered immunity receives the vaccine, its condition may worsen due to the vaccination, so please consider the cat’s health condition when considering the Feline AIDS vaccine.

Causes of Feline AIDS Infection

FIP is transmitted through the blood, saliva, and other bodily fluids of a cat infected with FIV.
Cats can become infected with FIV by being bitten by another cat carrying the virus, through mating, or by being born to an infected mother.

FIV is a very weak virus and it does not spread through the air.

It is estimated that around 10-20% of cats are infected with FIV. Thus, outdoor cats that frequently interact with other cats, mate, or get into fights are at a higher risk of contracting the virus.

*FIV (Feline Immunodeficiency Virus) is different from HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus), so humans cannot contract AIDS from being bitten by an FIV-infected cat.

Effective Preventive Measures for FIV

While there is no cure once a cat has developed FIV, early neutering or spaying can reduce the risk of infection to nearly 0%.

Neutered cats are less likely to mate or fight, which significantly lowers their risk of infection.

Ways to Suppress the Onset of FIV

FIV is not a particularly strong virus.

If a cat has a robust immune system, it can control the virus’s proliferation.

However, if the cat’s immune system weakens, the virus can multiply, leading to the onset of FIV.

Once FIV manifests, it becomes challenging to control the disease’s progression.

If a cat tests positive for FIV, follow the veterinarian’s advice to prevent the disease’s onset.

Reports suggest that keeping the cat in a clean environment can delay the onset of FIV.
Keep your cat indoors to prevent transmission to other cats.

Symptoms of FIV

The virus that causes FIV infects the immune cells of the cat. In the early stages of FIV infection, there are typically no noticeable symptoms.

For example, there might be a loss of appetite, fever, and a tendency to develop stomatitis.

Additionally, illnesses that previously healed quickly might take longer to resolve.

As FIV begins to multiply, the cat’s immune system gradually weakens.

As a result, the cat might fall ill from bacteria and fungi that would not pose a threat to a healthy cat.

This is known as an opportunistic infection.

Deaths are usually due to various infections resulting from the weakened immune system, not the FIV itself.

Opportunistic Infections – Main Symptoms of FIV

The cat’s body might succumb to minor bacteria like intestinal bacteria or common cold pathogens that pose no threat to a healthy individual.

Anemia and Bleeding – Main Symptoms of FIV

FIV can destroy the bone marrow that produces blood cells, leading to anemia by preventing the production of new red blood cells.

For the same reason, platelets are also not produced, making it harder for the blood to clot.

Tumors (Cancer) – Main Symptoms of FIV

Both humans and cats generate cancer cells daily, but a healthy immune system usually controls their growth.

However, when the immune system is compromised, it cannot suppress the growth of cancer cells, leading to cancer.

Stages of FIV

Based on clinical symptoms and infection progress, FIV is categorized into five stages:

Acute Phase

After infection, symptoms such as fever, diarrhea, anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and lymphadenopathy appear.

The acute phase lasts from several weeks to about four months after infection.

During this period, antibody tests (anti-FIV antibodies) become positive.

Asymptomatic Carrier Phase

Symptoms of the acute phase subside. This is the incubation period where FIV is present but not causing symptoms.

The length of this asymptomatic period, which can range from several months to years, depends on the cat’s health and immunity.
Some cats may live their entire lives without ever developing FIV symptoms despite being infected.

Even without noticeable symptoms, antibodies and the virus remain detectable.

Persistent Generalized Lymphadenopathy Phase

When the immune system can no longer suppress the proliferation of the Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV), immune cells such as white blood cells become more active.

You may notice symptoms such as swelling of all the lymph nodes throughout the body where immune cells are concentrated. This period can last from 2 to 4 months, so it is not uncommon for it to be overlooked.

AIDS-Related Complex Stage

As feline AIDS progresses, the cat’s immune system weakens, making the body more susceptible to bacterial and viral infections. Various symptoms such as stomatitis, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and skin diseases may become apparent.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Stage

Finally, the immune function is completely lost, leading to various symptoms such as anemia, malignant tumors, opportunistic infections, and ultimately death. Due to the lack of immune response, chronic conditions such as stomatitis, respiratory infections, and skin and ear infections are also observed.

Treatment of Feline AIDS

No fundamental cure has been found.
The primary treatment is symptomatic therapy.

Interferons and antibiotics (for bacterial infections) are mainly used to counteract infections.

Boosting Immunity

Enhance the immune system to prevent infections. Engaging in moderate exercise and providing quality food can be beneficial. It is crucial to prevent the Feline Immunodeficiency Virus from manifesting its symptoms. Even if symptoms do appear, ensure that the immune system is maintained to prevent the progression of the disease.

Measures Against Feline AIDS

When a cat is infected with the FIV and develops feline AIDS, it will eventually fall into immunodeficiency and, unfortunately, die, making it feel like a hopeless situation. Indeed, there is currently no cure once a cat develops AIDS. However, we are researching ways to delay the progression of the disease by maintaining the immune system with Cordy to prevent immunodeficiency.

Additionally, as part of liver function support, providing placenta extract powder derived from domestic SPF pigs, and for anti-inflammatory measures, krill oil rich in EPA/DHA extracted from Antarctic krill can help. Further, supplementing the necessary nutrients, especially to prevent albumin deficiency, by providing amino acids such as BCAAs (branched-chain amino acids) and green tripe (the stomach lining of ruminants) may help maintain physical strength.

Please feel free to contact us if you have any questions.

*We are also researching the application of a specific type of Cordyceps fungus with immune-modulating functions for humans.

Supervising Veterinarian: Dr. Misaya Hayashi　　Affiliated Clinic: Chico Animal Clinic

Dr. Hayashi has a wealth of experience working in veterinary hospitals that offer both alternative and conventional Western medicine. She has extensive clinical experience using Cordy. During her tenure at Monolith, she received numerous consultations for cases difficult to address with standard veterinary medicine (Western medicine), profoundly realizing the importance of the immune system.
She advocates for the idea that, to maintain and improve the health of pets, it is critical not only to rely on medications for symptomatic treatment but also to re-evaluate daily living conditions and diet. She emphasizes incorporating various home care practices to sustain immunity and aims to build a disease-resistant body, engaging in related promotional activities.

FIP, FeLV, Cat AIDS Cases

• Example of controlling feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)
• Case of FeLV and FIP cats maintaining condition with Cordy

Recommended Reads

• Feline Leukemia Virus Infection – Be Aware of Lymphoma Development
• Feline AIDS Virus Infection – FIV: Onset, Symptoms, Treatment, and Overcoming Methods
• Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) – Coronavirus Infection, Symptoms, Improvement, and Recovery Tips
• Diseases Preventable by Core Vaccines in Cats, Symptoms, and Treatments
• Overcoming Cancer in Cats – Types, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Tips for Overcoming Cancer

]]> https://cordy-en.com/cat-overcoming-fip/ Tue, 08 Jan 2019 03:50:31 +0000 https://cordy-en.com/?p=1459

・Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) is a disease caused by the feline coronavirus (FCoV).

・In the initial stages of Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) infection, symptoms such as decreased appetite, weight loss, fever, vomiting, and diarrhea, which can also occur in other diseases, may appear.

・Preventive measures for Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) include immune support, liver function support, anti-inflammatory measures, and ensuring proper nutrition, which can potentially increase the chances of long-term survival.

What is Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)?

Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) is a disease caused by the feline coronavirus (FCoV) of the Coronaviridae family and the Coronavirus genus.

Feline coronavirus spreads easily as it is transmitted through saliva and excrement, and it is said that half of the cats in Japan are infected.

This feline coronavirus is classified into two types: feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) and feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV).

Feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) infects the intestines and can cause mild diarrhea, but sometimes there are no symptoms, and it generally results in relatively mild conditions.

However, if a portion of this virus mutates, it becomes the highly pathogenic feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV).

The trigger for this mutation is said to be a decrease in immunity due to stress.

Feline infectious peritonitis virus causes inflammation in blood vessels, leading to widespread inflammation throughout the body and a variety of symptoms.

Unfortunately, it is currently considered an incurable disease with no definitive treatment available.

Once the FIPV virus mutates, it does not revert to its original form.

Symptoms of Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)

Feline infectious peritonitis virus is classified into two types: wet type (effusive) and dry type (non-effusive).

In the initial stages of both types, symptoms such as decreased appetite, weight loss, fever, vomiting, and diarrhea, which can also occur in other diseases, may appear.

Symptoms of the Wet Type (Effusive)

### Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)

Among the two types of Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP), the wet type (effusive) is more commonly observed. Compared to the dry type (non-effusive), the wet type progresses more rapidly.

**Symptoms** include dehydration, anemia, abdominal distension due to ascites, breathing difficulties due to pleural effusion, and jaundice. The ascitic and pleural fluid withdrawn is typically yellow and viscous.

#### Symptoms of the Dry Type (Non-Effusive)

The dry type (non-effusive) of Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) is characterized by a slower progression compared to the wet type (effusive).

The formation of granulomas in various organs, such as the kidneys, liver, brain, and eyes, is a distinctive feature. The symptoms vary depending on the affected organs, including renal impairment, liver dysfunction, and neurological symptoms (seizures, personality changes, abnormal behavior, walking difficulties, paralysis of bladder, facial nerve paralysis, etc.) if tumors develop in the brain.

### Causes of Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)

The cause of Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) is an infection with the feline coronavirus. The disease manifests when the feline coronavirus mutates into the “feline infectious peritonitis virus” for some reason.

#### Feline Coronavirus Transmission

Feline coronavirus infections are primarily transmitted through contact with other cats. The virus is present in the feces, urine, saliva, and nasal discharge of infected cats and can be transmitted through wounds or mutual grooming among cats.

#### Mutation of Feline Coronavirus

When a cat is infected with the feline coronavirus, it can mutate into the “feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) virus” under certain conditions, leading to the disease. Stress and a weakened immune system are thought to be triggers, making young cats (between six months and three years old) and older cats (over ten years old) more susceptible due to their lower immunity.

However, not all cats carrying the feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) virus will develop the disease. Variations in the pathogenicity of the virus and the immune state of the cat are believed to influence the likelihood of developing the disease.

### Diagnosis of Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)

To determine if a cat is infected with the feline infectious peritonitis virus, a blood test can be conducted to check for the presence of viral antibodies. However, this test responds to both the feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) and feline enteric coronavirus (FECV), so a high FCoV antibody titer does not definitively confirm FIP.

**When symptoms are present**
If a blood test reveals hyperproteinemia and the FIP antibody titer is positive, FIP is almost certainly diagnosed.

**When symptoms are absent**
If the FIP antibody titer is positive, a retest is conducted approximately one month later to determine the result. If the antibody titer has decreased, it is considered a temporary infection with the feline enteric coronavirus (FECV).

Therefore, the FIP antibody titer test can be used to screen for feline enteric coronavirus (FECV), as well as a supplement to the FIP diagnosis.

### Treatment of Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)

[Content for treatment not provided in the original text]
Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) has no cure.
Treatment is primarily for prolonging life.

In general, anti-inflammatory drugs (steroids) to reduce vasculitis are used in combination with interferon (antiviral) to boost immunity.
*Antibiotics may also be added to these treatments.

Additionally, in the case of the wet type (effusive form) where ascites or pleural effusion accumulates, the fluid may be drained depending on the degree of accumulation.

However, since nutrients are dissolved in the ascites or pleural effusion, the presence of this fluid can help maintain the body’s homeostasis (balance).

Therefore, excessive removal of the ascites or pleural effusion may lead to further weakening.

Different veterinarians have varied opinions on this matter, so it is recommended to have a thorough discussion to decide on the appropriate amount to drain.

To compensate for the nutrients lost in the ascites or pleural effusion, it is important for the cat to have a proper diet, but if their appetite is decreased, they may not be able to consume enough food.

In such cases, it is recommended to use amino acid supplements (BCAA) and green tripe, which is rich in digestive enzymes and nutrients.

Moreover, since the steroids used as anti-inflammatory agents are also used as immunosuppressants, there are concerns about decreased immunity and liver function over prolonged usage.

To prevent excessive decrease in immunity, it is advisable to improve the gut environment and use immuno-supportive Cordy, krill oil for efficient absorption of EPA/DHA and its expected anti-inflammatory effects, and domestic SPF pig-derived placenta powder for liver function improvement to improve the cat’s quality of life (QOL).

There are growing cases where stable conditions over the long term are achieved for FIP-affected cats by administering Cordy, placenta, krill oil, as well as BCAA and green tripe.

Prevention of Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)

Even if a cat is infected with feline enteric coronavirus (FECV), it does not necessarily mean they will develop FIP.

It is said that less than 10% of cats infected with feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) actually develop FIP.

In other words, ensuring the immune system remains within a normal range is crucial for preventing FIP by preventing FECV from mutating into FIPV.

Creating an environment where your cat can avoid stress is something only the owner can do.

Examples of Stress Factors for Cats

• Loud noises
• Large temperature fluctuations
• Dirty litter box
• Multi-cat households
• Frequent moving
• Poor nutrition
• Lack of exercise

These are just a few examples, but what might not seem stressful to us can be very stressful for small-bodied cats.

Please review your cat’s environment and strive for a stress-free life.

Measures Against Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)

Being diagnosed with Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) can feel quite hopeless.

Indeed, FIP is a difficult disease to treat, and it often progresses quickly, leading to death.

However, as mentioned above, taking steps for immunotherapy, liver support, and anti-inflammatory measures, along with providing necessary nutrients, has shown some potential for extending life expectancy.

While it is uncertain how effective these measures will be, there is a good chance they will help improve appetite and restore vitality.

When using medications such as steroids, antibiotics, or interferon, liver function decline is a concern. In such cases, combining treatment with Placenta Extract Powder derived from Domestic SPF Pigs can help minimize liver damage.

Even for cats whose liver values have already worsened, using Placenta Extract Powder derived from Domestic SPF Pigs can often improve liver function within about a month.

Moreover, since FIP is often accompanied by inflammation, it is considered effective to provide EPA/DHA Krill Oil Extracted from Antarctic Krill, which has anti-inflammatory properties.
Our laboratory continues to research Cordy, which is expected to have immunomodulatory effects; domestically produced SPF pig-derived placenta extract powder, which is expected to protect liver function; and krill oil, which is expected to have anti-inflammatory effects. If you have any questions, please contact us.

監修獣医師：林美彩　　所属クリニック：chicoどうぶつ診療所

代替療法と西洋医学、両方の動物病院での勤務経験と多数のコルディの臨床経験をもつ。　モノリス在籍時には、一般的な動物医療（西洋医学）だけでは対応が困難な症例に対して多くの相談を受け、免疫の大切さを痛烈に実感する。
ペットたちの健康維持・改善のためには薬に頼った対処療法だけではなく、「普段の生活環境や食事を見直し、自宅でさまざまなケアを取り入れることで免疫力を維持し、病気にならない体づくりを目指していくことが大切である」という考えを提唱し普及活動に従事している。

所属：

• 獣医保健ソーシャルワーク協会

著書：

• 獣医師が考案した長生き犬ごはん 安心・簡単・作り置きOK!
• 獣医師が考案した長生き猫ごはん　安心・簡単・作り置きＯＫ！
• 獣医師が考案した一汁一菜長生き犬ごはん こだわりの安心レシピ&作り置きOK!

FIP・FeLV・Feline AIDS Cases

• An example of controlling Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)
• Case examples where Cordy maintained the condition of cats with FeLV and FIP

Recommended Articles

• Feline Leukemia Virus Infection-FeLV requires attention to lymphoma development
• FIV in Cats: Onset, Symptoms, Treatments, and Overcoming Strategies
• Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP): Coronavirus Infection, Symptoms, and Tips for Improvement and Cure
• Diseases Preventable with Core Vaccines for Cats, Symptoms, and Treatments
• Overcoming Cancer in Cats: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Treatments, and Tips for Overcoming Cancer

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